The Economic Boom of the 1920s Essay -- essays research papers

The sparing Boom of the 1920s After the First World War the States was a completely different country. The twenties was a very unusual time period in American History. The twenties were a time of fun and partying. There are many reasons why it was called the Roaring Twenties. Most of the American people were living a great life and were able to afford luxury items, even though this didnt apply to all(prenominal) one many believed that it was excellent and exciting a time of great hopes. In the twenties, industry took a very big step. It nearly doubled. Not altogether did industry grow so did wisdom, fads, laws, beliefs, arts, social lives changed, sports and the various different news from around the globe. The twenties were a jam-packed decade. The work week had dropped from 60 to 48 hours. For the starting line time, the Americans considered play as important as work. The weekend family outing and vacation had become things workers expected it. Huge numbers of people had radio s went to the movies and owned a car. get by was also introduced in the 20s At this time women were needed in society and men began to accept them. The car and train industry was the largest industry there was. The convocation line made mass production possible, and the industry boomed. The Economic Boom. America was now a very powerful envy of many countries. America had High production and low unemployment Henry Fords assembly line in Detroit was the largest one in the country. When Ford first started making cars, the only car he made was a black Model-T. Almost everybody in the United States had a car. Three-out-of-four families owned one or more cars. With the assembly line they made a lot more cars in one day than they did before. Instead of payin... ...iets had changed and they ate less starch and the farmers had a lot of left food over futile to sell. They would of sold hem abroad besides there was no point for the reason that tariffs would be placed on them. The price f or wheat had fallen. They would have to devastate their farmland and move to the rural areas. Over 600,000 farmers went bankrupt within 5 years. Person who disliked the boom- It was also an era of pettiness, ignorance and poverty I believe that the Economic boom in America was a good thing and that the good points out weighed the bad. Yet there were some very bad issues. The Technology, Industry, Music, Architecture, Arts and science advanced to a great extent and many things became available to every human. The old equipment was soon adapted, and is used today. The quality of living conditions slightly improved but America was still far from perfect.

Analysis of To His Coy Mistress :: To His Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell

To His Coy Mistress is a very interesting poem. The main plot of the poem is astir(predicate) this guy that tries to pick up a girl for the night. The poem does not tell about the setting. I assumed that it was in a bar, because of the way he talked to her and that is where most guys go to pick up a girl for the evening. We see this poem through the eyes of the guy, by doing this Marvell gives a look into his mind and what he is thinking. This helps to bring the reader into the poem. It allows the reader to get into his mind as the poem goes along. We lay out to see the guy develop his words more and more until last by the third stanza he is pretty desperate. In the first stanza we see the guy begin to make a move. He begins to tell her all these refreshful lines about how he could spend eternity with her. For instance, he says on line 11, My vegtable love should grow vastar than empires, and more slow.... In these two lines he is laborious to tell her how his love will grow mor e and more everytime he sees her. He will love her until the end of time. A few lines later he continues to talk about his everlasting love. He begins to divide his love up between her body parts. He promises to her that he will dedicate a blow years to her eyes. Then he tells her that he would dedicate two hundred to each breasts. That last line about the breasts I thought was pretty funny. hither you begin to see how his mind begins to shift toward sex. He begins to shift his thoughts from her eyes to her body. He is very nonchalant about it. After the comment about her breasts he says and thirty to the rest. I can just see this guy talking to her. He puts a little emphasis on the breasts comment, and then I sketch him mumbling, oh yea....and thirty thousand to the rest. The guy is only out for one thing, and that is sex. He is trying to be smooth about it, but in the next stanza we begin to see his patience giving out. In the second stanza we begin to see the guys personality s hift.

Voltaire and the Beginning of the Enlightment Essay -- Enlightenment of

Francis Marie Arouet was born on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. As a child, Arouet grew up in an atmosphere that strictly obeyed the rules of the church. During this time, faith in the church was an obligation for everyone in society and the authority of the church was never questioned, for this would definitely mean instant death. Meanwhile, Arouet enrolled at the Jesuit College of Louis-Le-Grande where he excelled in academics especially his skills in written material. After his schooling, Arouet became noticed by much of the aristocracy for his writing and eventually was imprisoned for supposedly represent two offensive works, the Puerto Regnanto and Jaivu.1 While serving his confinement, he assumed the name de Voltaire. After choosing the pertly name, Voltaire said, I was very unlucky under my initial name. I want to see if this one will succeed any better.2 Upon his release from the Bastille, Voltaire was exiled to England, a country he grew very fond of. At this time, freedom of speech was continuously exemplified throughout the country of England Voltaire found this toleration very advantageous to the beginnings of his opinion. While in England, Voltaire decided to redirect his purpose of writing he now decided to fight for the right of human liberty. From the time Voltaire moved to England through the remainder of his life, he marked the beginning of a new period, the Englightment, a time where he would continuously mock the idea of religion and reinforce the idea of human liberty and opinion fearlessly through his many plays, literature, and essays. Furthermore, Voltaire remained in England for three years while publishing an English version of the La Henriade, an essay concerning the defense of religious toleration.3 Aft... ...zes Voltaire the best when he comments, Probably no man ever lived who assailed the Church and the State with the same wit and keenness that always at Voltaires command and yet in spite of this he managed to live comfo rtably, accumulate rich and die in peace.13 Notes 1. Francis Marie Arouet de Voltaire. http//www.ericjonas.com/ /features/candied/Voltaire/default.asp (20 Feb. 2000). 2. Darrow, Charles. Voltaire. http//www.aracnet.com/atheism/hist/ darrow5.htm (20 Feb. 2000). 3. Francis Marie Arouet de Voltaire, 1. 4. Darrow, 6. 5. Darrow, 9. 6. Darrow, 9. 7. Darrow, 13. 8. Darrow, 17. 9. Darrow, 11. 10. Wendy McElroy, Voltaire vs. Intolerance, Free Inquiry, Winter 1999, 61. 11. Darrow, 15. 12. Darrow, 16. 13. Darrow, 4.

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Education School Essays

Plagiarism and the Internet To plagiarize, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, means to steal and pass score (the ideas or words of another) as ones own or to use (anothers production) without crediting the source (Merriam-Webster OnLine). To plagiarize is a major offense, and many schools and workplaces fritter away it very seriously, or so they claim. For example, at the College of New Jersey, a strict Academic Integrity Policy promises severe punishment to those caught plagiarizing, more severe for well-read violations than unintentional (Academic Integrity). But punishment tin cannot be given if the person plagiarizing cannot be caught, and throughout the years, many parvenue and easier ways to plagiarize overhear come about. The invention of the Internet gave students an easier way to copy anothers work and use it as their own. Along with this easier way to plagiarize, however, have come new ways to detect plagiarism. But in spite of all this, plagiarism continues to occur. On many college campuses and in many workplaces, a student or employee must(prenominal) follow an academic integrity policy or an honor code. When one plagiarizes, he goes in direct violation of these policies, doing something that is not only unethical, but as well illegal. Copyright laws protect many major pieces of literature and many ideas, making those illegal to copy, but it is also immoral to copy the works of un-copyrighted authors. There can be severe consequences for a plagiarizer if he is caught, and if his professor or employer is willing to follow through with the consequences. People plagiarize, despite the immorality of it and the possible consequences, because it is easier than approach up with their own ideas. Also, when following a strict deadline, plagiarizing can be a fast way to finish a paper or a project. With new technology, plagiarizing has become even easier than it was in the past. With the birt h of the World Wide Web came new ways to plagiarize. With a few clicks of the mouse, entire passages can be taken from a web page and placed into a students paper in Microsoft Word. With a few minor word changes and alterations, a student might think that he is safe, and that no one will be able to catch his plagiarism.

Crimes Against the Elderly Essays -- Ethical Issues, Adult Population

The rapidly increasing population of ripened tidy sum has been accompanied by a number of ch bothenges to the elderly, communities, and the state. The frequency of victimization of the elderly through various crimes has escalated with the criminal justice system facing increasing pressure to curb this trend. Despite all states having legislation that target protecting the adult population from crimes, wide gaps in reporting of crimes against the elderly are evident across the nation. The elderly have increasingly become more vulnerable to physical, financial, and emotional abuse. In many cases, citizens who are aware of these abuses may fail to report to the police or the elderly people themselves may fear engaging in legal battles. Many of the crimes perpetrated against the elderly to a considerable extent reflect the general state of affairs as far as criminal activities are concerned. However, some categories of crimes are more prevalent among the elderly. This paper shall disc uss these categories of crimes in light of the manner and forms in which they occur. In addition, the paper shall allude to the existing gaps in reporting and efforts by the criminal justice system, and what holds to be done in order to bridge the gap. concord to the results of a recent study, the elderly people are facing an increasing frequency of abuse including widespread cases of financial exploitation and domestic violence. A salient(ip) factor which has been cited as aggravating the situation is the limited social services which the elderly people are receiving. This has been caused by little public interest as well as financial constraints facing the economy. In addition, the issue of crimes against the elderly has not received adequate attention as... ...e elderly to a conclusive end. This alludes to the need to see cases of elder abuse being prosecuted and the offenders facing the appropriate punishment. This would send a message to other offenders out there that any cr ime against the elderly would be met with full force of the law. Therefore, agencies whose work revolves around law enforcement need to take an active role (Tabachnick, 2009). At the same time, there needs to be adequate funding towards nationwide campaigns aimed at sensitizing people on the issue of crimes against the elderly and the steps they need to take in order to collect the fight successful. With regard to sensitizing the population, the media has to come up and highlight the reality of this problem. The media has the capacity to make this problem attract the attention it deserves (Tabachnick, 2009).

Crimes Against the Elderly Essays -- Ethical Issues, Adult Population

The rapidly increasing race of elderly people has been accompanied by a number of challenges to the elderly, communities, and the state. The frequency of victimization of the elderly finished various crimes has escalated with the criminal justice system veneering increasing pressure to curb this trend. Despite all states having legislation that target protecting the adult population from crimes, wide gaps in inform of crimes against the elderly ar evident across the nation. The elderly have increasingly become more vulnerable to physical, financial, and emotional abuse. In many cases, citizens who are aware of these abuses may fail to report to the police or the elderly people themselves may fear engaging in ratified battles. Many of the crimes perpetrated against the elderly to a considerable extent reflect the general state of affairs as far as criminal activities are concerned. However, nigh categories of crimes are more prevalent among the elderly. This paper shall discus s these categories of crimes in light of the manner and forms in which they occur. In addition, the paper shall allude to the existing gaps in reporting and efforts by the criminal justice system, and what needs to be done in order to bridge the gap. According to the results of a recent study, the elderly people are facing an increasing frequency of abuse including widespread cases of financial exploitation and domestic violence. A salient factor which has been cited as aggravating the situation is the circumscribed social services which the elderly people are receiving. This has been caused by little public interest as well as financial constraints facing the economy. In addition, the issue of crimes against the elderly has not received adequate attention as... ...e elderly to a conclusive end. This alludes to the need to see cases of elder abuse being prosecuted and the offenders facing the appropriate punishment. This would send a message to other offenders out there that any c rime against the elderly would be met with full force of the law. Therefore, agencies whose work revolves nigh law enforcement need to take an active role (Tabachnick, 2009). At the same time, there needs to be adequate funding towards nationwide campaigns aimed at sensitize people on the issue of crimes against the elderly and the steps they need to take in order to make the fight successful. With regard to sensitizing the population, the media has to come up and highlight the reality of this problem. The media has the capacity to make this problem attract the attention it deserves (Tabachnick, 2009).

7s McKinsey model Essay

Strategy is a plan developed by a debauched to achieve sustained competitive advantage and successfully compete in the market. What does a well-aligned dodge mean in 7s McKinsey model? In general, a gruelling strategy is the one thats clearly articulated, is long-term, helps to achieve competitive advantage and is reinforced by strong vision, mission and values. But its hard to reveal if such strategy is well-aligned with other elements when analyzed alone.See more Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essaySo the central in 7s model is not to look at your company to find the great strategy, structure, systems and etc. but to look if its aligned with other elements. For example, short-term strategy is usually a poor choice for a company but if its aligned with other 6 elements, then it may provide strong results. anatomical structure represents the way business divisions and units are organized and includes the information of who is accountable to whom. In other wo rds, structure is the organizational chart of the firm. It is also one of the most visible and easy to change elements of the framework. Systems are the processes and procedures of the company, which reveal business daily activities and how decisions are made. Systems are the area of the firm that determines how business is done and it should be the main focalisation for managers during organizational change. Skills are the abilities that firms employees perform very well. They also include capabilities and competences. During organizational change, the question often arises of what skills the company will really subscribe to reinforce its new strategy or new structure. Staff element is concerned with what type and how many employees an organization will need and how they will be recruited, trained, motivated and rewarded. Style represents the way the company is managed by top-level managers, how they interact, what actions do they take and their symbolic value. In other words, it is the management style of companys leaders. share Values are at the core of McKinsey 7s model. They are the norms and standards that guide employee behavior and company actions and thus, are the foundation of every organization.

Aston Blair Case

1. At the end of the case, Bacon finds himself in a difficult situation due to the leaking of confidential go with information. This major riddle stemmed from the fact that Bacon withheld an important document from Meir and the rest of the lying-in upshot police squad. Dr. Cornelius was informed of Bodins 6 summary statement underwrite which suggests that the regional sales managers were consistently overstating their sales estimates in order to ensure adequate inventory and rapid delivery.Bodin shared his findings with Bacon and Reiss, in confidence, and they all agreed that no(prenominal) of the information would be presented in the August 4th presentation or to the task force team until Bodin had the opportunity to discuss everything with his boss viciousness death chair Jed Burns. Unfortunately Bacon left the paper on his desk, where Meir was able to read it, and then passed on the information to Dr. Cornelius. Cornelius has taken it upon himself to schedule an appointme nt with Burns to reveal Bodins findings and that situation ignited Bacons current business.Reiss, who witness the entire ordeal, is now extremely upset with Bacon for allowing others to obtain the confidential information and is fearful of the consequences it will bring for Bodin, once Burns finds out. The entire problem stems from the confidential information Bodin provided to Bacon. One of the factors that has caused Bacons current problem was that he didnt take precautionary measures to hide the document. By leave it on his desk, he facilitated the information to other people. Another factor that might have caused Bacons problem is his lack of communication.Perhaps if he has shared the information with his task force team they would have understood better and not leaked the information to other people in the company ahead the scheduled time. Another obvious problem for Bacon was the tension between him and other people in the company. Meir was not very supportive of Bacon and his leadership role, and felt Dr. Cornelius rightfully deserved the title. Because the team wasnt unite and didnt rightfully support each other, it lead to a dismembered team at the end.2. Early 1991 Price of gold declines and sales forecasts continue aggressive for Aston-Blair results in excessive inventories of overvalued gold, silver, and platinum. June 12 Wynn Aston III asks Peter Casey (vice-president of marketing) and Chris Trott (vice-president of corporate planning) to reexamine the companys procedures for forecasting sales. Together they decide to create a taskforce and select Michael Bacon (special partner to Chris Trott) to head the team investigating forecast problems. July 23 encounter set up with Trott, Casey, and the market managers for August 4 to present progress and recommendations.July 24 Meeting between task force members is called. Everyone attended except Meir (who was gathering data in NYC). It was decided that more information needs to be gathered and brisk for Burns to review prior to presenting to market managers August 4th deadline not likely to be met. August 4 Meeting begins well and takes a dive once Meir presents. Market managers questions validity of investigate. A break is called to cool off heated arguments and meeting is set to reconvene at 3pm. secret information is discovered that may implicate Emile Bodins knowledge of foul play within the company.Michael Bacon faced with several dilemmas needing immediate resolution. 3. Stemming from the first meeting when the team was assembled, there was a lack of communication and a lack of leadership. Bacon did not take charge and let Holt have the lead. Reiss finally spoke up for the teams and steering the they should take. Bacon never made an assertive decision and always seemed to be guided, even by his team. Since the team divided into subgroups they never fully breaked a incorporate team relationship. Another problem was the design of the team.It was obvious that t here was animosity from team members that the younger associates were put in charge of the assignment. The sales managers were angry that this task force team was coming in attempting to tell them how to do their jobs and change the way they do things. Overall there was too much conflict and resentment to get anything accomplished What didnt happen, that should have, on the day of the presentation was during the break, Bacon could have called a meeting of all the task force members and taken the time to jumble everyone.He could have emphasized the importance of the task force and their recommendations and reassured everyone he was there to support them. He could have also gotten feedback from the members and used the time to develop a plan for what the team needed to do when they returned to the meeting. Another one of the major issues was the lack of information sharing between team members. Bacons major problem stems from the fact that he withheld an important document from Meir and the rest of the task force team. What Bacon could have done, but he didnt, was taken a moment to inform everyone of the radical knowledge that came to light.Perhaps had he done so, the task force member would have felt a better sense of cohesiveness and finally team unity. 4. Pros more(prenominal) time is needed to sort through the information and provide a good argument for report. Cancelling the meeting would allow adequate time for additional research to commence. By cancelling the meeting, relationships with marketing managers could have more time to be re-established and improved. Information can be reviewed and supported by upper management By cancelling the meeting, the Vice President could be brought up to speed on the gathered information and perhaps intervene himself.Cons canceling meeting gives sense of not being prepared in good order thus losing influence (clout) Following through on meeting and successfully delivering message will show confidence in report fin dings. Delivering information before it may leak incorrectly will cover anyone providing that information and saving face for Bacon and team If they cancelling the meeting, it would put a blemish on their professional reputations for not being able to get the job done on time.

Ipremier and Denial of Service Attack †Case Study Essay

In a recent Information Management lecture we went through the exemplar of iPremier (read the full case) which is a popular case study from Harvard Business School. It was a made up case but the recent high profile hacking stories (such as Gawker) show that companies are non taking security seriously.The background is that iPremier suffered a DOS attack in the middle of the night which caused chaos in the company. aft(prenominal) an hour the attack stopped and the company went back to business as normal. Two weeks later another DOS attack was spawned from the companys boniface directed at a competitor which proved that their server had been compromised. The FBI became involved, the competitor threatened to sue and the city analysts were thinking of downgrading the stock.Our role was to come up with recommendations as to how the processes and plans could be improved for the future. Keeping in mind that the security is about more than just technology we needed to brainstorm around people and processes as well.1. People and processes nonplus a business continuity plan (test it end to end including suppliers and keep it updated) Develop an IT governance framework that includes security in its remitment Develop clear reporting linesBetter training for emergenciesTrust your technical leaders and make sure they have the resources to lead in a crisis irritate security part of strategyHire an independent audit team who report into the boardHire a security and risk expertDevelop a better relationship with your hosting provider2. TechnologyAvoid single points of failure. Separate the server stack so that database, web and file servers are not on the same network Use a reputable hosting provider with a world class infrastructure and support Make sure all in all your software is up to dateUse a combination of hardware and or software firewallsBackup and redundancy planning and testingActive superviseStrong one-way encryption of passwordsUse open auth systems such as F acebook connect

Lab Safety Essay

Lab safety is very important if you are going to work in a science lab. setoff off, you need the right equipment and you need to read the signs of each machine or are you are working in, so you tummy see what safety gear you bequeath need to put on. First off, if you are going to work in an area involving fire, you should wear down something non-flammable or an apron to protect yourself and your clothes. you should make sure that there is a fire extinguisher near by. If you nsee a flask symbol on something, that means that there is scrap in that area. That is why you should never wear open toed shoes, or if any glass breaks or falls of the table, you have a lower attempt of stepping on it and featureting it stuck in your foot. When working around chemicals or acids, you should always wear safety goggles. If you happen to get some in your in eyes, it will most likely sting very badly.You will need to rinse your eyes under some water for about 15 minutes to get all of the chemi cals out. If you see a hand symbol on something, that means you should wear heat resistant gloves. You will most likely need to wear them, because you will be touching something with a very hot temperature and you could badly burn yourself. When ever working with an electrical device, never use it near water. First of all, you could badly electricute yourself, and it could also start a fire which could be disasterous. That is what you need to do to be safe in the lab. You must use all of those compulsory items. If there is an accident, you should get help immediatly.

School Violence In Virgin Islands

School violence poses a great risk in the development of any domain but not only in the US as a whole or the Virgin Islands. School violence is a very real problem especially in the universal indoctrinates and it is both found in urban and sub urban argonas of the Virgin Islands. It would a wasted effort to discipline to improve the quality of education without taking school violence as a serious problem, thus looking for ways to solve it no depicted object the quality of t to each oneers we employ or the curriculum since violence makes learning difficult. School violence comes in very unlike forms which include o Intimidation o Gang activity Use of guns and other dangerous weapons o Theft of lockers o Assault or o Anything that will set about a dupe Victims of school violence could be teachers, students and members of non teaching staff and ranges from planned attacks to unintentional murders of by standers. There ar nearly three million robberies and acts of violence misha p in or in the neighborhoods of school campuses yearly according to the National Crime survey of May 2001. This is about sixteen thousand occurrences per school per daytime and also almost all crimes against teenagers happen in schools or in the neighborhoods (Hurwitz, Menacker, Weldon, 1987 p5).The chances of a violent incident occurring in a school are change magnitude if there is a student with a gun. Possession of guns by students while in school is a common occurrence and many parents are eternally worried about the safety of their kids who are in school. Around 15% of students in the Virgin Islands report the presence of gangs in their schools and many fear of cosmos attacked while in school or on their way to the school and 61% of all crimes are committed by students (Boyer, 2008, p334).There is various prevention measures put in place in the Virgin Islands for controlling school violence. School safety is treated as a priority within each campus and the neighborhood. Pr ograms encompassing parents, students, teachers, police officers, religious leaders, the courts and any other leader who is in charge of ethnic and racial balance in the community. These people help in determining case of planned violence and also setting up plans for stopping acts of violence before they happen. The school environment is set up in such a way that it creates a positive climate for the students.All employees in each school are encouraged to participate in creating this have environment so as to eradicate any negativity in the students, since this goes a long way in reducing cases of violence. Schools have also found a procedures for tracking crimes and for record keeping, it records crime types, when, where and why they happened and any other important data. The data is then examined to determine the trends, the persons involved and any new patterns so as to come with measures of countering it (Furlong, Bates, Smith, 2004 pp240-263).Establishment of communication c enters using the latest technologies for that is capable of getting in touch with the appropriate administrators in case of an emergency. These allows for quick result so as minimize chances of aggravating the injuries which might occur during the violence. Students who have the tendency of bringing weapons to school should be counseled, given the necessary support or referred to the suitable resources in the community and where necessary transferred to other schools.Probation officers are placed in campuses in communities experiencing severe cases of violence so as to give the students fundamental supervision. Some of the above programs might fail to work in some communities but work in others because school settings are different from one school to the other. Students have formed groups which report any violence acts and the culprits. The youth contact patrols in their campuses and neighborhoods and are provided with adequate security without causing confrontations with those th ey find engaging in crime (United States District Court (Virgin Islands), 1982 pp290- 296).There is amicable solution of grievances which is done by using dialogue to end conflicts thus making sure that cases of punish are minimized. This is because if some of these problems are not solved once and for all it might cause planned attacks which can happen even outside the school. Students are encouraged to engage in extra curricular activities during their free time so as to reduce the chances of getting themselves in to drugs, since this is a major cause for violence. Students who are found to be in drugs are counseled and advised to visit rehabilitation centers so that they quit these habits.Some of the traditional methods for crime prevention particularly in cases of indiscipline are limited either by the legislature or the judiciary but parents have the powers to determine the types of punishments to be administered to their children even if it is corporate punishment. It is al so difficult to establish the measures that work best due to the fact that schools are of different settings. Some of these measures are limited in public schools since the brass has the mandate to ascertain that power is not abused in cases where learning is a must and attending given schools is compulsory.This limitation on public schools makes them much violent as compared to private schools and this encourages the establishment of the private schools since most parents want the best for their children. Some of the legislations are kind of encouraging violence in public schools. But it is advisable for school administrators to keep on innovating new methods for countering this problem and to keep on trying the old ones as well as the established. Parents are also encouraged to take an active role in the up bringing of their children so as top ensure that they grow up in to responsible adults.It is also advisable to break up large schools in to small ones because supervising a s mall number of students is easier. There should be different schools for boys and girls since there seems to more violence in mixed schools than there are in boys or girls only schools. The government should also relax some of its legislations so as to allow teachers and parents of public schools to make their own measures for different types of indiscipline in the students (Preventing School Violence Top Five Ways To Build Stronger Student-adult Relationships, acquirable online).

Leaders Make a Real Difference in an Organisation’s Performance Essay

Within these qualities over history striking leaders put bingle(a) crosswise developed luxuriant theories that be constantly being utilized within fortunate corporations today. Amongst these are Trait theory, Behavioural theories and also the Situational contingency theories that were used to represent boffo leadership qualities. Great leaders become highlighted in times of oppression, utilizing their talents to move forward and have solid restrain of their organisations, in turn developing positive organisational operation. done past generations leadership had developed to the ultimate success it is today. Through multiple theories, leadership has moved to the point where it now has a factual impact on organisations performance. The contemporary management theories are used in numerous ways of motivating, creating opportunity providing inspiration and resulting in a definite increase in organisational performance. This is clear in todays society, through a minimal view of coach debauched teams to the operations of large corporate groups such as Wesfarmers.Creating opportunity, passim history, it has been clearly evident that a great leaders input shall reflect with a great performance output, thus developing opportunities for individuals to accomplish their maximal emf. Leaders create opportunity for individuals within their sphere of influence (urbanfoot. ca, 2009), opportunity being a set of circumstances that makes it potentially possible to achieve anything from external to intrinsic rewards. This creation of opportunity manifests itself across the globe in large and small organisations.In contemporary society it is shown by leaders within sporting clubs, the success of the best AFL clubs are built on a hierarchy of leaders, club captains, coaches, and trainers. They are all striving to create opportunity for young potential players. Essendon football clubs great success over the past numerous decades have been because of the major influ ential leadership role James Hird has con extend within the club. James Hird leading his club by being captain through twain premierships and is now today still leading the club by coaching.His career of captain assisted with the creation the opportunity for the club leaders today and now he is continuing his leadership role by coaching the team, it is evident with his club involvement on that point is a definite outcome of organisational performance. As well as leading through creating opportunity, great leaders hit to inspire others within their environment. Inspiration, Leaders aim to inspire individuals within their vicinity to pursue the outcome of organisational performance. This constant attempt to provide inspiration is strongly shown by our military mans best leaders that are driving the powerhouse of our adult males economy.Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, Phil Knight, founder of Nike and Richard Branson founder of Virgin Group, these individuals are amongst many oth ers that are part of the worlds most inspirational leaders. These battalion have founded some of the worlds biggest corporations by their profound ability inspire. Richard Branson went from developing a school modspaper called Student to operating one of the worlds most complex conglomerates know as Virgin Group. Bransons life catchword is to have fun this is reason to his positive eccentric personality that reflects to inspire others around him. Lead by typeface this phrase is used throughout gentlemans gentleman life to portray inspiration on others, through creating an inspiration on others leaders are assisting to motivate. pauperism, Motivation is a key part of a great leaders success in achieving organisational performance. Motivation is referred to as the forces within an individual that account for the level, direction and persistence of effort expended at work (Wood, J. et al, 2010). Motivation on individuals is reflected by roaring leaders, through multiple divers(p renominal) theories. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory identifies high coif needs and low order needs (Wood, J. et al, 2010) this details a pyramid that highlights the work motivational needs of individuals, including psychological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. This research has contributed to the success of leaders in motivating and achieving ultimate organisational performance across large contemporary organisations. In many of todays organisations leaders commonly motivate employees through the use of offering extrinsic rewards, positively valued work outcomes (Wood, J. t al, 2010), this may range from Christmas bonuses to simply allowing the use of a company car. Through the use of extrinsic rewards individuals are motivated to bring up their maximum performance. It is evident in KPMG, one of the worlds largest consulting firms the use of leaders providing employees with extrinsic rewards motivates employees to achieve their full potential. KPMG provi des employees with an annual bonus fluctuating on the employees yearly work effort. In doing so employees are determined to work to achieve a high constant overall organisational performance.Individuals that utilize the use of their leadership talents creating opportunity, inspiring and motivating individuals will evidently result in reaching an optimum level of organisational performance productivity. Throughout history within these abilities leaders have developed several theories to manage the way it is put into practice. Through the past centuries leaders have always played a pivotal role in the triumph of groups, from the times of Genghis Khan, Napoleon and even Hitler, their efforts have exemplified how great leaders can make a major difference to organisations.All leaders tend to have different styles when it comes to commanding their subordinates and as time has progressed they have been categorized into different approaches and theories. The first theory to be thought up wa s cognise as the trait theory, and as the years moved on different studies and research was conducted to the point where different types of leadership are studied. Trait Theory, The trait theory which identifies different traits between leaders and followers, and assumes that leaders are born non developed.The trait theory takes into account physical and mental attributes of people that appeared to be more successful leaders. This theory took into account things such as height, weight and personality, and rather than study each of those in detail, these characteristics were recognised in stampive and ineffective leaders. Therefore people could be able to predict if a person was a worthy or unworthy leader, although out-of-pocket to the studies being conducted as early as 1900 there was never any real recording s of evidence.Also there were never any real set of traits that defined a good leader, in other words there was no benchmark, which made it difficult for people to unders tand the theory as there were great leaders that had different characteristics. For theoretical account Hitler had different traits and characteristics to Nelson Mandela, Hitler was considered hard and persistent whereas Mandela was a visionary. Although it is certain that the trait theory set the trend for years to come. Behavioural Theories, The trait theory laid the foundations for what was afterward known as the behavioural theories this included the Michigan and Ohio State studies.The behavioural theories compliments the flaws of the trait theory as it is more action based rather than only taking natural aspects into favor. The Michigan studies showed that there are two types of leaders, employee-centred supervisors and production-centred supervisors. Employee-centred supervisors are leaders who look out for their workers and try to keep them emotionally intelligent by showing genuine interest in the wellbeing. Whereas production-centred employees are mostly concerned about getting the work done and meeting figures, rather than flavour out for the welfare of their workers.Research has shown that employee-centred managers were found to have more efficient and effective groups than production-centred supervisors. The Ohio State studies which are very similar to the Michigan studies showed that leaders had two main dimensions, consideration and initiating structure, which can be related to employee-centres supervisors and production-centred supervisors respectively. Although the results from this study showed different results as the supervisors who received the best output from their employees showed a high amount of consideration and initiating structure.Situational contingency theories, The next sets of theories to be developed were the situational contingency theories, which came about in the 1960s. These theories involve leaders that can adapt to the situation they are place in, for example Fiedlers theory predicts work group effectiveness and how it depends on a match between the leaders technique and the difficulties of the situation. Fiedler also considered the amount of situational control a leader has, which is how well a leader can determine the result of a groups actions and the course the will take on the way.Of course Fiedler was not the only person to come up with situational theories, there was also Robert House, Paul Hersey, Kenneth Blanchard, Steve Kerr and Jonathon Jermier, but for the purpose of not repeating similar information they will not be discussed. It is fair to say that over the years leadership theories have changed with the times. The trait theory was effective for organisational performance as it helped identify leaders earlier they even took on a leading role, and although today that might seem politically incorrect, its what was suitable for the times.The behavioural theories in the late 1940s had a great effect on organisational performance because people started to take into account the actions of their leaders and the different effect that certain actions would obtain. The Situational theories took another step into understanding the effect that good leaders can have on organisational behaviour by interpreting the how leaders manage the situation and whether or not they can work on to new and different challenges.As leadership theories have evolved, only the strong have survived, and the recent global financial crisis has provided great challenges for leaders to portray their successful qualities. Leadership is a quality that has grown in human culture over thousands of years and within the past century economies have taken evidential falls highlighting the choices great leaders have made to sustain organisational performance through this time.Two significant downturns in history shook the world economy, the great depression of the 1930s, Franklin D Roosevelts leadership qualities particularly exceled through this period and the global financial crisis saw absurd leade rship talents ChemChina. These flairs in leadership talent depicted the difference it can asset on organisational performance. Global Financial Crisis ChemChina In 2007 the world economy fell into the deepest trough in decades, this is known as the global financial crisis, it was considered the worst financial crisis since the great depression in the 1930s.The global financial crisis saw the collapse of multiple investment banks across the United States of America and developed a ripple effect that was felt by economies across the globe. Great leaders stood out through this period powering their companies without purport the effect of the economic down turn. One company in particular that continued a sustainable growth in organisational performance is ChemChina. While millions of companies were collapsing and on the verge of insolvency ChemChinas prime operating income multiplied seven times, total assets change magnitude by 133. 4 billion Yuan and total profits escalated an incr eased 12 times over, Ren Jianxin the president of ChemChinas outstanding leadership qualities were the main motive behind the relentless accomplishment. The massive operational increases in production were due to major innovations in organisation, institutions and technologies involving changes in their way of thinking, philosophies and production technologies and processes. (Ren Jianxin, 2009) All this required an overall development in their way of leadership, in turn a successful corporate transformation thus organisational performance. 930s Great Depression Franklin D Roosevelt The great depression which hit the world through the 1930s affected the world on a scale that had never been seen before. The depression started in America when stock prices started to fall, and on October 29, 1929 the stock market crashed and the effect spread globally. The effect this had on the world was far worse than anyone could have ever imagined causing people to commit suicide, die of starvation and start their lives over in a new world. Out of this came one of the worlds greatest ever leaders, Franklin D.Roosevelt, who dragged America and the rest of the world out of the depression. Roosevelt took over as president in parade of 1933 and re instilled hope back into the American people by promising action and in his first address to the people he said one of today most famous quotes, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Roosevelt decided that to get the country out of the position they were in he had to adopt policies that were frowned upon, such as creating deficit budgets, which for the times were unheard of.When Roosevelt pulled the American economy back to its feet he was rewarded by being elected for four ensuant terms. Roosevelt proved how one great leader can have a major effect on a group of people and that it is not undoable to come back from the dead. Financial crisiss at any time cause a great amount of angst in the around the world, and it takes ver y exceptional people to lead corporations, governments or even countries out of these fatal situations.ChemChina and Roosevelt were both innovative in their styles and led their respective organisations either to new great senior high school or just simply out of a great depression. Throughout the times Leaders have always come under scrutiny from their critics, although one does not attain criticism without achieving. Without Leaders providing their qualities to inspire, create opportunity and motivate, organisations would have a lack of soul and would be forever falling in a negative style.

To What Extent Had the Ussr Recovered from the Impact of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) by the Time of Stalin’s Death in 1953

To what extent had the USSR recovered from the impact of the groovy Patriotic War (1941-1945) by the time of Stalins death in 1953? Although VE celebrations started on 24th June 1945, peace was declared on the 9th May in Moscow. There are differing opinions on the amount of deaths that were caused by the Great Patriotic War (for example, Kenez estimates 26-27 million, many of whom were prisoners of war, whereas Hoskings estimated 20-25 million, many of whom were killed indirectly by the war, by means such(prenominal) as famines).It could be suggested that the USSR simply returned to where it had been previously in the thirty- any(prenominal)thing aft(prenominal) the war, for example primary focus for industry was put on heavy goods such as oil and coal. But to what extent did life for the Russian improve once the war was over? Social conditions after the war were anything but favourable. 1,170 towns, 70,000 villages and 7 million homes had been destroyed leaving 25 million Russian s homeless. This military issue was non kick inressed or rectified and no housing schemes of building projects were started, instead the money was redirected to other areas. So Soviets were left restless as they had nowhere to go.The peasants were essentially bound to their land as they had no access to funds or passports to travel. The two types of farms face up disadvantages, for example the Kolkhozy farms (collective state farms) had to meet state obligations which were 60-70% of their railroad siding and only received trivial rewards in return (such as sacks of potatoes). Even though the war had caused so many deaths, the Politburo remained to see the peasants as disposable after the war. Also Stalin did non trust the peasants as he said they were too individualistic to make good socialists and therefore increased the taxes on them.So this is not retrieval as the lifestyle, especially for peasants, got worse. The agri cultusural output in 1945 was only 60% of what it had b een before the war, and as a result food shortages that had occurred previously ( repayable to the farm workers vent to the front, and with them taking machinery and horses) simply continued. There was a famine in 1946-47 and this caused widespread starvation, for example in Moldova alone 70,000 Russians died. collect to the famine, food rations were restricted and the numbers entitled for these were educed (21 million reduced to 4. 1 million). To make this even worse Stalin did not acknowledge the famine and banned private farming in 1946 as it was seen as anti-communist. This meant that the small amount of food the peasants may behave been able to grow to feed their families was now taken away from them. As a result of this, the USSR could not recover because they had less resources and food. Also Stalin was ignorant, and made the any chance of recovery harder because peasants were not able to feed themselves, so they in turn could not recover.It was not only in the country w here the state suffered, workers in the towns faced inflated targets and reduced wages (further than this they were expected to subscribe to state bonds which totalled several weeks wages). So the people were not able to provide for themselves, meaning that they could not recover, as they couldnt afford to. Consumer goods were very scarce, for example, although there were 341 million knitted garments by 1953, televisions and refrigerators were very idealistic even though they were now commodities in the west at this time.Although after the Second World War, life was certainly looking very bleak for the Russians some fixed prices were reduced in the towns to ensure that the poorest workers could afford food such as bread (which cost half the amount in 1950 as it did in 1947). So recovery had been initiated, however, in general, living conditions did not improve. The Great Patriotic War affected Stalin very negatively, despite the Russian victory. He perceived his personalised posi tion and security in a different way to the Russians and saw himself to be very vulnerable. Understandably this was partly overdue to the success and support that Zhukov faced after the war.Although it is not clear whether or not Stalins health deterioration was a result of the war, he never fully recovered from this experience. payable to his constant paranoia, Stalinism was re-asserted after the war. This had previously been used in the 1930s (involved the state making extensive use of propaganda to establish a personality cult around Stalin to maintain program line over the population and to maintain political control for the Communist Party). During the period of fighting, there had been relaxations in censorship and other areas such as the church (who were allowed to openly dedicate religion again).This was to ensure support for the leadership of the country and unite the Russian people against the Axis powers. However, after the war, regulations of the church service were once again tightened, to stop it becoming too powerful. The cult of personality reached its peak on Stalins 70th birthday in 1949 and this was accompanied by a new programme of censorship (for example newspapers were censored once before publishing and once after) and propaganda. Intellectual life in Russia too suffered closed(a) in order to eradicate opposition, for example archives were shut in the 1930s and original research was discounted.All areas were affected, including literature where writers who were seen to be non- ideological were purged (by expelling them from the center of soviet writers). Whether or not this is a sign of recovery after the war depends on whose perspective taken for the Russian people it was a fasten in society that had a negative effect whereas members of the communist party or Stalins supporters would see this as recovery from the loosening in control and a sign that Stalins power was being re-asserted.The results of Stalins paranoia had a nega tive effect for the Russians, even if they had not been directly aware of it at the time. Due to Stalins over cautious approach he refused to research new technologies and exploited new industries and trade with the west. If he had done this Russias economy would have expanded and the economic problems the country faced may well have been solved, or at least improved. Science in the Soviet Union was alike under strict ideological control by Stalin and his government, along with art and literature.There was significant progress in ideologically safe domains, owing to the free Soviet education system and state-financed research. However, the most notable legacy during Stalins time was his public endorsement of the agronomist Trofim Lysenko, who rejected Mendelian genetics as bourgeois pseudoscience and instead support hybridization theories that caused widespread agricultural destruction and major set bindings in Soviet knowledge in biology. Although many scientists opposed his views , those who publicly came out were imprisoned and denounced.This likewise made the prospects of recovery for the USSR very low. The fourth Five Year Plan was launched in 1946 (until 1950) by Voznesensky which aimed to restore production to pre-war levels. During the Great Patriotic War the Russians had efficaciously produced arms to keep their front well supplied. This obviously involved a shift in production focus and this now needed to be switched back to previous production. New factories were built where they had been located previous to the war but the relocated factories remained in use in the Urals.This meant that production capacity increased and Soviet gross national product (GNP) grew annually by 8. 9% between 1946 -1950 which shows obvious signs of recovery and is very significant (as in 1939 it was 8. 5%). However, rather than switch the focus to consumer goods as one might expect, the focus remained on heavy industry. This means that the standard of living did not im prove for the Russian people. Further than this, Stalin also failed to solve the agricultural production problems caused by the war (for example the grain harvest in 1952 was less than that of 1940).The Russians were therefore unable to improve the way they lived, and to add insult to injury many Russians savings were wiped out when the country underwent a currency reform in December 1947. Hoskings says that the shape of the recovery thus froze the soviet economy back into the shape it had assumed in the thirties which is due to the USSR failing to exploit any new techniques, even though it had UN economic advisors available to it. Due to a lack of interest, no new innovations (such as chemicals and plastics) were investigated.Instead the money was put to use funding causes such as Stalins grand projects of collectivism which built striking new buildings such as the Metro and Moscow University. This was obviously a showcase of communism but did not contribute to the recovery from t he Great Patriotic War. During the war the Communist Party had taken a backseat and the focus had been primarily on nationalism rather than communism in order to ensure that patriotism and the general war effort were kept active.However, after the war, Stalin wanted to re-assert himself as the undisputed leader of the USSR (this was partly due to his paranoia and illness). Instead of re-asserting the Communist party itself, Stalin ruled through a small group of influential magnates (such as Beria and Molotov). From the wider communist parties point of view Russia may not have recovered well ideologically after the war, whereas Stalin would have felt that this was an improvement from the leadership previous to the war (and certainly during the war when he was strained to accept suggestions from more experienced military men such as General Zhukov).Stalin did ensure however, that the soldiers that joined the Communist party during the war were educated in Communist values through the new Central Committee Higher Party School that was set up. Stalin also delegated some areas of control to other groups due to the huge workload he faced, for example the economy was given to the USSR Council of Ministers. However, he also put a strict hierarchy of decision making into practice to ensure that he still essentially made all the decisions.It still appears however that the improvements made after the war fail to outweigh the negatives both in number and significance. The Great Patriotic War had left Russia severely weakened and the Russia nation crushed. Although the economy did appear to improve slightly after the war (increase of 8. 9% in the GNP) and Stalin re-asserted his control, Russia remained how it had been run in the 1930s previous to the war (no improvements or innovations within industrial production and living conditions remained poor) and therefore Soviet Union had not recovered well by 1953.

Rock and Roll Music

Rock and Roll has god the harmony industry more then any new(prenominal) genre. Barriers were broken by rock symphonyians pushing the limits of social behavior. The sixties were the time when changes in history took place. Artists preserve to make an impact on people without even trying. Dancers, singers, musicians and athletes want to practice their talents without being bothitherd. Critics atomic number 18 unendingly watching ready to voice their opinions. This is opposition is what calls publicity to the artisans.The Beatles were the greatest and most influential of the rock era, and introduced more innovations in popular music then any other rock band (Authors of Billboard. com 1992-2005). Had it non been for the Beatles, there would be no Madonna, Britney Spears, Fergie, Beyonce or PussyCat Dolls. Elements of the Beatles Song She Loves You. In the sixties, the Beatles were the main pop group. By at presents standards, the Beatles music would hardly be considered real loud or wild. The Beatles were a group of friends who interpret for recreational purposes.When they were discovered, they had no formal training. They did not care about auditions. They had no voice lessons. Without all of the proficient aspects, their outcrys still had all of the elements that musicians today spend hours and days perfecting and refining. In the song She Loves You, the four band members are playing basic simple guitars. The instrument largely determines the overall aspects of any song. The upliftedest musical technology is a waste if the artists do not know how to shape the song.Shaping is accenting the high points and low points of the song. Every artists has a unique way of shaping music his or her music. The dynamics is defined as the loudness and softness of a song (DuckWorth, 2004, P 358). In the song She Loves You, the dynamics do not have very solid level changes, according to todays music analysis. Shaping makes up the melody of the song. People like o r dislike music based on the melody. The rhythm of the song sounds like it was in 4/4 time. It has repeated series of strong and weak beats.During the chorus, She Loves Me starts on the high notes or the strong beats of the song. When the musicians sing yeah yeah yeah, that is when the weaker beats or phrases are accented. alone of the Beatles songs sound improvised without much find tuning. When the song is recorded professionally, there are no significant changes from the time the artists were creating the song. The pitches, highs, mediums and lows of the song, is repeated through the entire length of the song. ConclusionRock and Roll has made waves since the sixties. more people associate the songs that were popular at the time with world events. Music is a big influence on society. I love Rock and Roll music because it is uplifting and upbeat. Rock and Roll music is often played at celebrations, festivals, and concerts. Favorite Rock and Roll songs mark pleasant memories that are well forgotten. People dance, run, workout, rollerblade to Rock and Roll music. Rock and Roll music has always accompanied close friends parties, and meetings.The Beatles music television can be viewed at http//video. google. com/videoplay? docid=2276715791126043108. Other sites that have plenty links to the Beatles music video links in full screen is AOL music. com. AOL provides hundreds of Beatles videos, interviews, documentarys. Notes DuckWorth, W. (2004 ) A Creative Approach to Music basics 8th Edition. Glossary Yudkin, J. (2004) Discover Music P 316-22. Authors of Billboard. com (1992-2005) Beatles Biography http//video. google. com/videoplay? docid=2276715791126043108

HR Roles and Responsibilities Essay

Human option is a field that has attained reasonable and receivable attention by many leading firms in recent times. Human imaging has been recognized as an in-chief(postnominal) factor for achieving success in the global arna and in gaining a competitive utility in the industry. Many leading firms put special importance on the behavior of their seduce tycoon sportswomaning an important role in the success of the organization. To maintain this they deport planned and organized their kind resource function in such a manner that it provides them a competitive gain in the industry they operate.If we talk about Human option Management which has been a dedicated field for ameliorate Human Resource function of any organization puts special emphasis on certain important aspects to be taken care of regarding the employee to achieve success in formulating a successful Human Resource department. These factors are the compensation plans and strategies, Reward and incentives plan, Training and trainability of the employees, Hiring and Recruiting and Future or career development plans (Mathis and Jackson, 2007).All these factors play a strong role and go side by side in the formulation of a competitive Human Resource Department. Human Resource has recently achieved a huge amount of success due to the realization of its importance in the organizational environment. It has been identified as a competitive advantage by some of the organizations due to the importance of Human Resource in the related industry. Human Resource Management has also changed its shape according to the trends in the World and the factors that drive change.These factors include Globalization, Technology, Diversity, and Ethics. All these factors go side by side as the business spreads due to these factors (Dessler, 2007). Globalization has been due to the proficient advancements and because of which kind increases and more moral philosophy related situations arise in an organization. T he work of human resource at bingle hand increases due to globalization, diversity and ethics but on the other hand Technology helps them to propose these issues.thither pass water been recent trends of using more and more technological equipment in the Human Resource moldes. The major work of the Human Resource is to provide the organization with quality people that become the work force of the organization. In this paper we would concentrate on two functions of the Human Resource Department and how they have changed according to the trends of the human society and development of Humans. First we would discuss induction which is a truly habitual practice in the current scenario of any organization.Induction is basic eachy the first step in which an employee gets to bed about his or her workplace environment. This covers each and every activity that helps the employee in adapting to the environment and people some him at his or her workplace. Induction can also be termed as the mathematical process of building a relationship between the employee and the organization the nature of this relationship is of a two way communication process (French, 2006).Starting on a new position and with a new organization can be a process which might take some time for the employee and the organization to get settled with. There are many new things that need to be understood and get familiar with these include checkmate employees, executive programs and managers to interact, entirely new processes that need to be understood and followed, new offices and buildings that are required to be navigated, information to work on new software, new and un hit the sackn employment environment to understand and new tasks to learn.This enactment or all the above mentioned activities are made easier and more effective for the new employee as healthy as for the employer if the induction schemes in the organization are effective and expeditious (Mathis and Jackson 2007). There are obviously costs for implementing effective and efficient induction schemes but the benefits are more far range and long lasting if a comparison of both costs and benefits are made. Induction is a process that has been recently added in the organizational hiring and recruiting process by the Human Resource function.There was no innovation of induction some 15 to 20 years back. As organizations tend to realize the importance of working(a) environment, which factors affect the accomplishment of an employee and the importance of organizational culture induction has been the solution or the bridge to edit the gap between an employee and its surroundings in a new environment (Ivancevich, 2009). This not only helps the employee in speeding up the level of his performance in the organization but also reduces the time to know different people around the organization.Performance Appraisal is another important task that needs to be completed by the Human Resource Department. This task re quires a great amount of analyzing and insight on the work an employee has been doing. The employee performance is not the only criterion that is considered while creating performance appraisals. Other aspects such as employees post towards his or her job, how he or she behaves with the colleagues and other aspects such as absenteeism and the following of ethics in the work environment are also criteria that need to be studied while fashioning performance appraisals.All this is not an easy task as studying qualitative aspects of an employee and evaluating them becomes a very difficult task to do. Apart from that employee performance can only be evaluated through the direct supervisor or manager who the employee reports to (Mondy, 2007). This can bring in to play the personal feelings and impression of the supervisor or manager under which the employee works and can create biasness in the evaluation process. Apart from this judging behaviors and attitude is another complicated task .Performance Appraisals have now included a great amount of technological tools to be used for helping in this process. Organizations have online forms for employees, which reduces the time to gather data about the performance of an employee and even retrieving it hence helping in quick appraisals and employee satisfaction of his or her performance. Not only it has decrease time but also made the procedure very effective than before helping in the work of the Human Resource Department.To conclude this paper I would like to mention the fact that all the trends and advancements in the field of human resource management have helped the organizations in making the function more effective and efficient. Some organizations proudly say that their Human Resource department is the competitive edge they have in the industry. Especially in the IT industry it is very important to maintain a effective and efficient Human Resource Department due to the fact that it can provide competitive advant age to the organization.

Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay

in that location is a demand for prospective drug single-valued function surveies to adequately valuate patient attention and inst anyation indexs. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved by make consciousness ab come to the fore taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List. Inclusion of a drug in the infirmary formulary requires esteem of both prescribers pick of a drug and its presence in the Essential Medicines List. Prescriber instruction can besides stomach on decrease in prescription drug medicine of attendant atar lickic soporifics. Prescribers should besides be promote to look into for patients submission with the overconfident medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. much(prenominal) steps will occur the symmetrynal usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health cargon.The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Drug accustom as the selling, distri aloneion, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with partic ular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic consequences.1 Often, drugs are non utilize maintaining in head their safety and efficacy.2 Rational drug prescribing is the usage of the least figure of drugs to obtain the best possible consequence in the shortest period and at a certain cost.3 Irrational prescribing and disparity amid prescription and economic consumption of medical specialties may countervail the benefits demonstrated by randomized controlled tests on drug efficacy.4-7 Furthermore, optimistic outlooks of a drug, based on consequences of clinical tests may non dislodge when used outdoors controlled settings.8 The recent proliferation of new drugs, increasing acknowledgment of delayed inauspicious effects and concentrate on pharmacoeconomic considerations has stimulated involvement in ordering forms of physicians.5Antidepressant prescribing forms have changed globally over the locomote few old ages, with conventional drugs like tricyclics and MAO inhi bitors being bit by bit replaced by selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIS ) and fresh antidepressant drug drug drugs. Prevalence of antidepressant use in the comm building blocky is lifting in horse opera populations, with Iceland, Australia and Sweden take chargeing the heightsest consumption.9Therefore, our purpose was to analyze the drug use of antidepressant drugs in the psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Our aims wereTo detect the prescribing form of antidepressants among head-shrinkers in our infirmaryTo measure the agreement of the prescriptionsTo measure the prevalence of antidepressant use in the communityMATERIALS AND METHODSType of survey Retrospective and experimental. fourth dimension period of survey fore approximately January 2006 to 31st December 2006Topographic point of survey Psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry.Inclusion standards1. All patients who attended the Psychiatry outpatient ( OP ) clinic of the infirmary from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006.2. All patients diagnosed with depressive or adjustment unhinge ( diagnosed as per International Classification of Diseases ICD 10 standards ) 10 or any status where antidepressants are indicated.Exclusion standardsPatients who did non have antidepressant drugs.Patients go oning merely those antidepressant drugs inflict outside the infirmary.Data aggregation Case records of Psychiatry outpatient clinic were taken from the medical records subdivision of the infirmary. Datas were entered in a pre-designed proforma ( Fig1 ) .From the multiple prescriptions in the instance record with follow-up visits, we took all prescriptions incorporating at least sensation antidepressant as atomic number 53 prescription. Therefore, if the initial prescription was continued, it was regarded as the same prescription for the given length. whatever demigod alteration in that prescription was noted for ciphering drug inge stion. attachment of anformer(a) antidepressant to or alteration of antidepressant from the bing regimen was regarded as a separate prescription. In both instances, the figure of drugs in the prescription included the added or changed antidepressant ( s ) , along with attendant medicines from the earlier prescription. However, prescriptions incorporating drugs for co-morbid conditions ( non-psychiatric ) which were non positively charged in the ingredient of Psychiatry were excluded.Sampling frame All patients run intoing eligibility standards as given above.Datas digest Datas were subjected to abstract forDemographic inside informations ( Age and gender )Psychiatric canvasAntidepressant drugs positivistic4. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, oftenness and continuance.5. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs.6. Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per meter dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID )7. Prescribed every day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants8. PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressantsAnatomical Therapeutic Chemical ( ATC ) categorization and Defined Daily Dose ( DDD ) per kibibyte dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) computations were used for gauging antidepressant usage in the community.Following the methodological analysis outlined by WHO,11 we calculated DID as followsDID =Amount of antidepressant prescribed in 1 twelvemonth ( milligram ) ten dollar bill 1000 dwellersDDD ( milligram ) X 365 yearss X Population of Pondicherry and CuddaloreAll patients belonged to either Pondicherry or Cuddalore territory of Tamil Nadu. So, for computation of DID, we used the population of Pondicherry every bit candid as Cuddalore territory as per functional statistics.Entire figure of DIDs is calculated by adding up the DIDs for single antidepressants.PDD was calculated as followsFor each prescription, in that location were multiple doses of the antidepressants, due to dose titrations an d we took the norm of the daily doses for the antidepressant as the PDD. This procedure was repeated for all the indicants of each antidepressant and the concluding value was the norm of the PDDs therefore obtained.PDD to DDD ratio was so calculated.Statistical analysis Descriptive statistical tools were used.Ethical clearance As it was a non-interventional survey, the institutional research commission tending(p) waiver on the confidence that capable confidentiality would be maintained. We took the undermentioned stairss in this respectDesignation of patients by the infirmary figure merely and non by name.Case records to be accessed by research workers in the health check records subdivision merely.Patient inside informations non to be divulged to any party some other than co-authors.Proformas to be destroyed by and by decision of survey.ConsequenceDemographic inside informations Out of 222 patients having psychoactive medical specialties during the survey period, 169 ( 76.58 % ) received one or more antidepressants. Among these 169 patients, 82 ( 48.52 % ) were males and 87 ( 51.48 % ) were females. Age distribution of patients having antidepressants is shown in Fig 2.Psychiatric diagnosings scattering of primary psychiatric diagnosings of patients having antidepressants is shown in instrument panel 1.Antidepressant drugs prescribed Entire figure of prescriptions given was 192 and a sum of 446 drugs were prescribed. Of them, 192 were antidepressant medicines of 8 types, as per ATC category. remit 2 and Fig 3 show antithetic antidepressants prescribed. Number of antidepressant prescriptions along with their indicants is shown in Table 3.Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants Change of antidepressant was required on 18 occasions. Duloxetine was substituted on 10 occasions, escitalopram on 4, mirtazapine on 3 and imipramine on 1 juncture. Addition of a 2nd antidepressant was seen on 3 occasions because of hapless response with a individual(a) d rug. Of them, duloxetine was the first antidepressant on 2 occasions and mirtazapine on 1.Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry Table 4 shows attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry.Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, relative frequency and continuance Besides patient inside informations and outpatient designation figure, prescriptions contained the patient s primary diagnosing, drug ( s ) prescribed, dose signifier, dosage, frequence of disposal and continuance of intervention along with the day of the months of followup. There was no incorrect dosage, frequence and continuance of intervention in about instances, inappropriate drug was prescribed for a incorrect diagnosing which was corrected when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up.Table 5 shows the figure of drugs per prescription among the 192 prescriptions. More than 5 drugs were non prescribed to any patient.Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs As per WHO Prescribing indexs, we observed honest figure of drugs per prescription 2.32 ( 446/192 )Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed by generic name 88.54 % ( 170/192 X 100 )Percentage of Fixed dose combinations ( FDCs ) of antidepressants NothingPercentage of brushs for ordering injections of antidepressants NothingPercentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed from Essential Medicines List ( 16th EML of WHO ) 1.56 % ( 3/192 X 100 )Percentage of drugs prescribed from the study List of Essential Medicines ( NLEM, endorsed 2002 ) was 2.60 % ( 5/192 X 100 ) .Percentage of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was 96.35 % ( 185/192 X 100 ) .Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) ATC cryptography, DDD and computation of DID are summarized in Table 6.Entire figure of DIDs of antidepressants was 0.02.Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants and PDD to DDD ratio of the an tidepressants PDD and PDD to DDD ratios are besides summarized in Table 6.DiscussionDemographic inside informations Antidepressants were prescribed more in females ( 51.48 % ) than in males ( 48.52 % ) . This is consistent with findings in other studies.12,13 This female preponderance might reflect the naughtyer prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity in giving females, especially, depressive and anxiousness upsets and may besides be due to gender functions played by adult females in society, with more voicing of psychological jobs and seeking of professional help.13 The age distribution shows the bulk of patients, having antidepressants belong to 21-30 old ages age group ( 36.69 % ) . In fact, 66.27 % were aged between 21 and 40 old ages. This is in contrast to the consequences of a survey of antidepressant usage in East Asia, wherein the average age of patients having antidepressant prescriptions was more than 40 years.14 In another survey in Europe, where antidepressants were the 2nd most normally prescribed psychedelic drugs, bulk of the users were between 35 and 49 old ages, with a average age great than 40 years.13Psychiatric diagnosings Depressive upset was the most habitual psychiatric diagnosing among the population ( n=222 ) , with a prevalence of 47.75 % . It was besides the most universal indicant for utilizing antidepressants ( 62.72 % ) , followed by Mixed Anxiety and Depressive upset and dementia praecox with station schizophrenic depression among the top three diagnosings.Antidepressant drugs prescribed Antidepressants were the most common psychotropic drugs prescribed ( 76.58 % ) . Choice of antidepressant was based on ICD diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficaciousness and considerations for patients tolerability. some common antidepressant prescribed was the Selective Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) duloxetine ( 50 % ) . The newer antidepressants duloxetine, escitalopram, sertraline and mirta zapine accounted for the majority of prescriptions. ( 96.36 % ) , which follows the peregrine tendency towards antidepressant prescribing.14-18 In many a(prenominal) surveies, Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) accounted for the majority of the prescribed antidepressants, with high ordering rates.14-17 In our survey, SSRIs escitalopram, sertraline and Prozac were prescribed on 57 out of 192 occasions ( 29.69 % ) . Among the SSRIs, escitalopram was the preferent drug. Again, this is in contrast to findings in the East Asian survey on antidepressant usage, wherein Prozac and Zoloft were prescribed more often than escitalopram and its usage was lower than Desyrel, mirtazapine, impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline. However, ordering rates of tricyclic antidepressants impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline were lower than the everyday norms.14 Doses of antidepressants were prescribed harmonizing to badness of disease/disorder, get downing with low doses and titrated upward or downward harmonizing to clinical response and patients were kept on regular followup.Duloxetine was the most common antidepressant prescribed in Depressive upset ( 56.56 % ) , Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder ( 41.38 % ) and in BPAD ( 62.50 % ) . Most common antidepressant prescribed in dementia praecox with post-schizophrenic depression was escitalopram ( 44.44 % ) , and in OCD, Zoloft ( 80 % ) .Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants Prescription of a individual antidepressant was common and occurred in 98.44 % of instances. Reasons for altering an antidepressant were hapless curative response or unbearable inauspicious effects. Duloxetine was the most normally substituted antidepressant. It was besides the most common antidepressant to which adjunctive antidepressant drug was prescribed.Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry Ataractic soporifics were the most common group of drugs prescribed ( 65.10 % ) concomitantly wi th antidepressants, followed by major tranquilizers, temper stabilizers, trihexiphenidyl, acamprosate, propranolol and vitamin B1. Except for Vitamin B1, which was prescribed in Alcohol Dependence, and propranolol, which was prescribed for intervention of shudders, all others were psychoactive medicines. Trihexiphenidyl was prescribed to counter the extrapyramidal inauspicious effects of attendant major tranquilizers.Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance Rational prescribing was followed as per the rules of prescription order writing.19 Sing the definitions of polypharmacy which are most normally cited, there was no polypharmacy because there was no prescribing of antidepressant medicine which did non fit diagnosing and there was no prescription with more than 5 drugs.20 68.23 % of the prescriptions ( 131 out of 192 ) had 2 drugs or less, which is recommended. However, there were instances where wrong diagnosing led to ordering of inappro priate drug ab initio it was rectified when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Clinicians pick of drug was non based in the main on affordability for the patient, so the cheapest drug was non ever prescribed.Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs The mean figure of drugs per prescription was more than 2, which is high. But, we had excluded all prescriptions where antidepressants were non prescribed. So, prescriptions where merely guidance was provided were non considered, in which instance the figure of prescriptions with less than 2 drugs would hold risen, thereby conveying down the mean figure of drugs per brush. Ordering by generic names was high ( 88.54 % ) and close to 100 % . There were no fixed dosage combinations ( FDCs ) or injectible readyings prescribed, which indicate rational prescribing patterns. The per centum of drugs prescribed from the 16th WHO Essential Medicines List and the National Essential Medicines List ( endorsed 2002 ) was low. However, per centum of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was sincerely high ( 96.35 % ) . This indicates the demand to convey about a balance between clinicians petitions for maintaining a drug in the infirmary pharmacopeia and the recommendations of WHO and National Essential Medicines Lists.ATC Classification, Defined daily dose ( DDD ) and DDD of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) The anatomical reference curative chemical ( ATC ) categorization system divides drugs into different groups harmonizing to the organ or system on which they act and their chemical, pharmacological and curative properties.21,22 Each drug is assigned a peculiar combination of letters and Numberss. The defined day-to-day dosage ( DDD ) is the false mean care dose per twenty-four hours for a drug used for its chief indicant in adults.21 DDD was developed to get the better of expostulations against traditional units of measuring of drug ingestion and to guarantee comparison between drug use surveies carried out at different locations and different shave periods.Entire DID of the antidepressants show low ingestion, in crisp contrast to the tendency of Western European states and the USA, peculiarly during the last decennary, with high rates of antidepressant prescribing and consumption.9,22,23DID for duloxetine can be interpreted as 0.0025 out of 1000 patients or 0.025 % would hold used a dosage of 60mg. Similarly, DIDs of escitalopram, mirtazapine, Zoloft, impramine hydrochloride, Desyrel, amitryptiline and Prozac can be interpreted as ingestion of their several DDDs by a population of 0.019 % , 0.004 % , 1.007 % , 0.003 % , 0.019 % , 0.12 % and 0.00007 % .Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants The prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) is defined as the norm dosage prescribed harmonizing to a representative sample of prescriptions. It is of effect to associate the PDD to the diagnosing on which the dos e is based. The PDD will give the mean day-to-day sum of a drug that is really prescribed. PDD is particularly of import for drugs where the recommended dose differs from one indicant to another ( e.g. psychotropic drugs ) . When there is a significant disagreement between the PDD and the DDD, it is of import to take this into consideration when evaluating and construing drug use figures, peculiarly in footings of morbidity.24PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants Ratio of PDD to DDD is frequently used as an indicant of the adequateness of dosing. A ratio less than 1 as seen in instance of duloxetine and mirtazapine indicates under-dosing. A ratio greater than 1 was seen for Zoloft and amitryptiline. All other antidepressants showed a PDD to DDD ratio equal to 1, reflecting the adequateness of dosing in these cases.25Restrictions of the survey Our consequences should, nevertheless, be seen in the visible radiation of the little sample size, compared to the surveies with which they have been compared. Restrictions of the survey were the deficiency of patient attention indexs and some of the installation indexs like handiness of drugs and impact of cost on drug intervention, which increase the public-service corporation of the survey, but which can be derived prospectively merely. As with any drug use survey, existent usage or conformity with prescribed antidepressant was non possible to supervise, more so with a retrospective survey of instance records, where notes on conformity are missing. Furthermore, we could non quantify informations on comparative clinical effectivity of the antidepressants.Strengths of the survey Strengths of the survey are the usage of a structured proforma for informations aggregation with inside informations of drug prescriptions on follow up visits, and a comprehensive application of drug use tools like ATC/DDD categorization and computation of DID and PDD/DDD ratios to measure prevalence of antidepressant usage in the community of the survey population. Documentation of longitudinal follow-up informations gives a better prospect of drug ingestion than transverse sectional informations. Data on drug permutations and augmentations every bit good as attendant psychotropic medicines are besides provided.Decision Our survey shows that depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing in the population and antidepressants were the most normally prescribed psychotropic medical specialties. There was a higher prevalence of antidepressant prescribing for adult females. Majority of antidepressants were prescribed to immature and older grownups between 21and 40 old ages. The SNRI Duloxetine, the SSRIs escitalopram and Zoloft and the untypical antidepressant mirtazapine were the most normally prescribed antidepressants, with or without other attendant psychotropic medical specialties. Most patients were treated by a individual antidepressant. However, hapless response and/or tolerability considerations made th e prescribers change the antidepressant or add a 2nd antidepressant. Antidepressants were prescribed for many indicants other than depressive upset and head-shrinkers pick of drug was influenced by diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficaciousness, and considerations for patients tolerability, but non generally on the cost of medicine. Prescriptions were complete and polypharmacy was non seen. Favorable and unfavorable results were seen for 3 and 2 WHO ordering indexs severally. Consumption of antidepressants in the community was low. Adequate dosing was seen for all antidepressants, except for duloxetine and mirtazapine, for which under-dosing was prevailing.Recommendations There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to get the better of some of the restrictions of our survey. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved farther by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List and cut down prescription of atara ctic soporifics. Such steps can diminish the figure of drugs per prescription and besides the cost of therapy. Prescribers should besides be further to look into for patients conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will access the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care.

HR PRACTICE ON GRAMEEN BANK Essay

In either comprehensive break, like this, assign must go to the multitude of people. I am still students and just novice. Hence, I earn taken help from different people for preparing my field. out refine here is a petite effort to show my deep graduate to those helpful people. First, I rip my selves grateful to Allah for his unlimited kindness and maximum helpful mass in continuing my report preparation. I express my sincere gratitude to honorable supervisor, Ms. Monsura Zaman, Faculty of Business Administration, ASA University Bangladesh, for their guidance and valuable remark about the group of the report. I pee come to believe, deeply and firmly, that we can create a poverty free military personnel race if we want to. I came to this conclusion non as a product of a pious dream, exclusively as a concrete resultof experience gained in the work of the Grameen Bank.It is not micro faith alone which will end poverty. Credit is one door through which people can dismount from poverty. some more doors and windows can be created to facilitate an easy exit. It involves conceptualizing about people differently it involves invention a new institutional frame work consistent with this new conceptualization.Grameen bank has taught me two things number one our association base about people and their interactions is still actually inadequate second each several(prenominal) person is very important. Each person has tremendous potential. She or he alone can influence the lives of others deep down the communities, nations, within and beyond her or his own time.Background of the StudySuccessful human pick management makes it possible for the organization to acquire the number and types of people necessary to batten down the continued execution of the organization by the.. So it acts an important role in HR de powerment. As a distinguish of BBA weapons platform, my honorable supervisor, Ms. Monsura Zaman, .., assigned me to prep be a report on rela ted topic on benignant Resource Management course. I have selected our report topic as HRM practice in microcredit domain of Bangladesh (Grameen Bank)..Executive SummaryThe importance of human resources management (HRM) practices to the success or failure of organizational study system performance has, until recently, been generally overlooked. In recent years it has been change magnitudely recognized that getting HR policy and management. In this paper, I take my theoretical point of departure in recent work in organizational economics on systems of human resource management (HRM) practices. Though this program bully balance amongst theory and practice is gained. Furthermore this is Thesis assignment is a vital extremity for obtaining Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program. I worked Grameen Bank, how they practice HRM on their microcredit welkin. Microcredit is the extension of very smooth gives (micro gives) to impoverished borrowers whotypically lack collatera l, steady employment and a verifiable credit history. It is designed not only to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty, but in either case in m whatsoever cases to empower women and uplift replete(p) communities by extension. In many communities, women lack the highly stable employment histories that traditional lenders tend to require. Many be illiterate, and therefore uneffective to complete paperwork required to get conventional loans. As of 2009 an estimated 74 gazillion men and women held microloans that make senseed US$38 billion. Grameen Bank reports that repayment success rates atomic number 18 between 95 and 98 per cent.Report OverviewIntroductionBackground of HRMHuman Resource Management is defined as the people who staff and manage organization. It comprises of the functions and principles that are applied to retaining, training, developing, and compensating the employees in organization. It is also applicable to patronage organizations, more than(pren ominal) as acting, news presenters and Models etc. Human Resource Management is defined as the set of activities, programs, and functions that are designed to maximize both organizational as easily as employee effectiveness. Scope of HRM without a enquiry is vast. All the activities of employee, from the time of his entry into an organization until he leaves, come to a lower place the horizon of HRM. The divisions included in HRM are Recruitment, Payroll, Performance Management, Training and Development, Retention, Employee Relation, etc.A human resources management (HRM) professional is responsible for successfully acquiring, developing, motivating, and retaining employees. That is, they are on the people side of business operations, and because people do the work of organizations, a companys success rests heavily on the quality of its HRM. An HRM professional is a full business ally who adds value to business decisions and aligns HR practices with those decisions. The work ca lls on you to contend about compensation and benefits, labor relations laws, how to forecast working needs, organizational learning, and organizational smorgasbord. Students specialty courses include Competitive HRM Practices, Negotiations, and Cultural Aspects ofInternational Business. They also select an honors seminar in Management of Innovation. In the classroom and on co-op, students gain the acting base of companionship and the business expertise thats needed as an HRM professional. Human resource management is an effective shaft of light for students interested in helping businesses succeed in a changeable personnel environment. This guide is base on Human Resource Management in a Business Context, and includes links to extra articles, notes, tips and exercises. It introduces you to the intrinsic elements of HRM, its origins and applications. HRM is viewed as an all-embracing term describing a number of distinctive approaches to people management. They help you to under stand and prise the different and sometimes ambiguous views of human resource management by investigating its origins, explanatory models, applied science and practice. Human resource (or personnel) management has in the sense of getting things through people. Its an essential part of every managers responsibilities, but many organizations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to picture an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the human resource function is performed efficiently. People are our most valuable asset is a clich which no member of any senior management aggroup would disagree with. Yet, the literality for many organizations is that their people remain under valuedunder trainedunder utilizedpoorly motivated, and consequentlyperform well below their true capabilityThe rate of change facing organizations has never been greater and organizations must absorb and manage change at a much faster rate than in the past. In order to implement a successf ul business dodge to face this challenge, organizations, large or delicate, must ensure that they have the right people candid of delivering the strategy. The food market place for talented, skilled people is competitive and expensive. Taking on new staff can be disruptive to existing employees. Also, it takes time to develop cultural awareness, product/ process/ organization knowledge and experience for new staff members. As organizations vary in size, aims, functions, complexity, construction, the physical nature of their product,and appeal as employers, so do the contributions of human resource management. But, in most the ultimate aim of the function is to ensure that at all times the business is correctly staffed by the right number of people with the skills relevant to the business needs, that is, neither overstaffed nor understaffed in total or in respect of any one discipline or work grade. These issues motivate a well thought out human resource management strategy, with the precision and detail of say a marketing strategy. Failure in not having a carefully crafted human resources management strategy, can and probably will lead to failures in the business process itself. Origin of the ReportThis report has been prepared as a requirement of the Thesis program based upon the Grameen Bank where my organization supervisor is Golam Morshed Mohammed (Senior Principal Officer, International Program Dept.), and my institution supervisor is Golam Mahbubul Alam,( colleague Professor, Department of Business Administration, Stamford University). My institute supervisor duly approved the topic decided for doing the report. Since the MBA program is an integrated, interoperable and theoretical method of learning, the students of this program are required to have practical exposure in any kind of business organization in last term of this course. Scope and Objectives of the StudyA consume objective helps in preparation of well decorated report in which other tak e the right type of decision. So I range objective are very much important. Our purpose of preparing the report is To know the human resource management (HRM) practice of Grameen Bank. To identify the discordant avenues for improving the HRM policies of Grameen Bank To know about the management ability of Grameen Bank.Suggesting strategies to improve the HRM policies of Grameen Bank. This study covers the HRM policies of Grameen Bank along with some recommendations to improve the HRM policies of Grameen Bank. methodologyA sample survey was conducted to collect primary entropy using two pre-designed survey instruments from relate groups following an appropriate sampledesign. In view of the complexities involved in generating quantitative data for assessing the real number impact, qualitative data were also collected. In the context of the unique features of the area an attempt was made to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the private HRM sector. D ata CollectionThis study is mainly based on secondary data visible(prenominal) from the various divisions and departments of Grameen Bank, in addition to these other necessary information have been collected from the relevant journals, annual reports of the Grameen bank, website and publications of other relevant institutions have also been taken into consideration. Primary sources of dataFace to face communication with the Grameen Bank administrative dept. and International depts. Officers & staffs. Conversation with the clients.Different manuals of Grameen Bank.Secondary sources of dataProcedure manual publish by the Grameen Bank.Files and documents of the branch.Annual report of Grameen Bank.Unpublished data.Different text books.Web sites.Unstructured dataThis data was compiled using information from Grameen Bank branch and centre visits, informal discussions with branch managers, field staff and various management level officers conducted during field and head office visits. Limitations of the StudyAs a student of susceptibility of Business Administration, this is my first initiative for making a report on HRM Practice in Microcredit sector of Bangladesh A case study on Grameen Bank. By meeting with officers, I was really unable to collect enough information from overdue to their official restrictions. While carry out the study I had to face a few limitations,which are mentioned below The main constraint of the study is inadequate portal to information. The employees did not disclose much information for the sake of the confidentiality of the organization. Since the bank and other companies personal were very busy, they could provide me very little time. The clients were too busy to provide me much time for interview. The time frame opinionated to prepare the study report was hard to be met. As a result, sufficient concentration could be given on it, which was needed for a much better study.Chapter 2An Overview on Microcredit in BangladeshWhat is M icrocredit? often of the current interest in microcredit stems from the Microcredit Summit (2-4 February 1997), and the activities that went into organizing the event. The definition of microcredit that was adopted there was Microcredit programmers extend small loans to very poor people for self-employment projects that generate income, allowing them to care for themselves and their families. Definitions defer, of course, from country to country. Some of the defining criteria used include- size loans are micro, or very small in size target users microenterpreneurs and low-income households utilization the use of funds for income generation, and effort cultivation, but also for community use (health/education) etc. terms and conditions most terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand, and suited to the local conditions of the community. Three Cs of CreditCharacter means how a person has handled past debt obligations Form credit history and p ersonal background, honesty and reliability of the borrower to pay credit debts are determined. Capacity means how much debt a borrower can comfortably handle. Income streams are analyzed and any legal obligations looked into, which could interfere in repayment. Capital means current available assets of the borrower, such as real estate, nest egg or investment that could be used to repay debt if income should be unavailable. Microcredit in BangladeshMicrocredit programs in Bangladesh is enforced by NGOs, Grameen Bank, state-owned commercial banks, private commercial banks, and specialized programs of some ministries of Bangladesh government. In the microfinance sector total loan salient(ip) is around TK 248 billion (including Grameen Bank TK 72 billion) and savings TK168 billion. The total clients of this sector is 35 one million million million (including 8.4 million clients from Grameen Bank) that accelerates overall economic development process of the country. Credit services of this sector can be categorized into six broad groups i) general microcredit for small-scale self employment based activities, ii) microenterprise loans, iii) loans for ultra poor, iv) agricultural loans, v) seasonal loans, and vi) loans for disaster management. Loan metres up to BDT 50,000 are generally considered as microcredit loans above this amount are considered as microenterprise loans.LICENSING STATUS OF THE NGO-MFIS IN BANGLADESHThe Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA), established by the government in elevated 2006, received applications from 4241 private institutions (NGO-MFIs). But, around gibibyte applications of them were found to be very small organizations that had fewer than 1000 borrowers or less than the USD 58,000 in gravid loans that is generally considered as the minimum initial operating portfolio of a single branched MFI to be sustainable. However, till August 2012 the MRA had approved licenses in favor of 651 NGOs. There are another 210 application s are under process for a final decision although they are mostly small organizations but with some potentiality to become viable in course of time. As of August 2012, 3380 applications have been rejected. Recently MRA has invited new applications for obtaining license to conduct microcredit activities.STATE OF MICROCREDIT IN BANGLADESHIn the backdrop of global double-dip time out and over-indebtedness crisis in microcredit sector in several countries, Bangladeshs microfinance sector shows strong resilience and continues to contribute towards sweetener of macroeconomic maturement. Bangladesh microfinance sector is mature now and its assets constitute around 3 percent of GDP in 2011. Total with child(p) loan ofthis sector (only licensed MFIs) has profitd by 20.0 percent from BDT 145.0 billion in June 2010 to BDT 173.8 billion in June, 2011 disbursed among 20.7 million poor people, helping them to be self-employed and accelerating overall economic development process of the countr y. The total savings has also increased by 23.25 percent to BDT 63.3 billion in June 2011 compared to introductory year from 26.1 million clients, over 93 percent of them are women.mesa 2 shows the market scenario of NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh. The top three MFIs contribute 54 percent of total loan outstanding as well as savings of the microfinance sector in Bangladesh. Two of the largest MFIs, viz., BRAC & ASA, are each serving over tail fin million borrowers. There are a few more developing fast. On the other hand the smallest 428 NGO-MFIs have contributed only 4 percent of total loan outstanding and 5 percent of total savings. Institutional concentration ratio is highly skewed in favor of large MFIs just 22 institutions are in control of 76 percent of the market share while three largest organizations have control of over 50 percent in terms of both clients and total financial portfolios.Table 3 depicts the scenario of micro enterprise loan, i.e., loans above BDT 50,000, of differen t NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh. It is observed that micro enterprise loan outstanding is BDT 40 billion which is around 24 percent of total loan outstanding in which the top ten NGO-MFIs contributed around 19 percent. It also shows that BDT 40 billion is disbursed to around 6 lakh borrowers which are only 3 percent of total borrowers. The table expresses that only the top NGO-MFIs are capable to run micro enterprise loan.Selected Indicators of NGO-MFIs in BangladeshIt is observed from table 4 that savings per member has been increasing over the years. In 2006 savings per member was Tk. 1,207 which stands at Tk.2495 in 2011 an increase to more than double within the last five years. The loan outstanding per borrower also increased over the years and average growth rate of loan outstanding per borrower is around 17 percent in 2011 compared to the previous year. The loan outstanding per borrower has increased by more than 100 percent within the last five years. These two indicators, saving s per member (average saving size) and outstanding loan per borrower (average loan size) increased over time perhaps due to the increase in the income level of the poor resulting in an increase in their need for higher amount of loans from the MFIs.The ratio between borrowers to clients (members) remained steady for the last few years, which is within 70 to 80 percent and the savings to outstanding loan ratio has also been stable from 2006 to 2011. Since the total number of branches of MFIs has increased at a much higher rate in 2011 compared to the previous year, the number of members and borrowers per branch has decreased. Substantial rate of increase in the sizes of loans per borrower and savings per member has resulted in a rise in the total loan outstanding and savings in the sector. Consequently outstanding loan and saving per branch has also increased. The loan outstanding amount per branch which was TK 8.42 million in 2010 has increased by 14.4 percent in 2011.