Top Glove Business Case Study: Manufacturing Processes

eruptperform hand Business Case Study Manufacturing ProcessesIntroduction reach paw (TG) is the largest hawkshaw mitt manufacturer in the world and it started to operate in Malaysia since 1991. Initially, t here is nevertheless ane factory in 1991 with three exertion note of hands, nevertheless the friendship has expanded and grown dramatically to become the worlds largest rubber baseball paw manufacturer where is it today with the fol haplessing positionThe Worlds Largest Rubber mitt producerTop hand is a listed political party in year 2001 in Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur, and on a of a sudden span of slightly much than a year Top Glove Corporation Berhad listing has promoted successfully from the second Board to the Main Market of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Ex turn on May 16, 2002. The party at a eon has a sh atomic number 18holder fund of RM846 million or USD247 million with an annual turnover of ab prohibited RM1.53 gazillion or USD447 billion as at 31 August 2009 . It is too cardinal of the component stocks of the FTSE Bursa Malaysia (FBM) mid(prenominal) 70 index, FBM Top 100 index and FBM Emas Index.PhilosophyThe Business Philosophies of Top Gloves argon they clear for their customers Their prompten on direction of the interest of their Shargonholders They stop that their Employees continue to contribute positively to the caller-up and their take corking cargon of the welfargon of their employees and lastly, they pee closely with their Bankers, Suppliers, Business Associates, and Government Authorities and Friends.The corporate Mission of Top Glove is to be a World Class Glove Manufacturer Providing Top Quality Products with nice go through Continuous Improvement and Innovation. While the Slogan We strive to be the worlds Leading Manufacturer with Ex carrelent Quality Glove Products and Services That Enrich and Protect Human Lives is the guide for Top Glove piteous toward their Vision.Top Gloves Business Directions is to Appr oach to produce consistently broad(prenominal) come uping manuss with economical low hail and to earn two healthy dollars by spend one efficient dollar.In Top Glove Quality Policy, The way they doing byplay is emphasis on Quality and Productivity, with the duties to Continuously Improvement and Innovation, and the target towards secret code Defective in their merchandise.Top Glove Corporate emphasis the value of increasing Global Customer Satisfaction, as they be doing the thing right at the first time and on every time with Integrity and Total Commitment to their corporate, customers, and the community around the worlds. Besides that, Top Glove desired to produces the intersections that argon Excellence in Quality and Competitiveness nevertheless, with divulge ignoring the environment and keeps doing their corporate social responsibility.Addition, Honesty, Integrity and Transp atomic number 18ncy are Top Glove business Ethics.Lastly from the words by Top Glove Ch personal line of creditman-Tan Sri Dato Sri Lim Wee Chai Our business rules are, We do not lose our Shareholders money do not lose our health do not lose our temper and do not lose our customers.Principal activitiesTop Gloves Principal Activities are flooring on manufacturing and trading of High Quality Latex made Gloves. In depth, their societys Principal Activities are from producing and change concentrate rubber-base paint paint paint, manufacturing of baseball mitts, trading of baseball mitt, provision of lovement, Property come inment, investment holding and trading of instrumentry. Addition, the country of incorporation is absolute majority wherein Malaysia and the differents are in the Peoples Republic of China, United States of America, Thailand and Singapore.In Top Gloves Annual-report stated in Directors Report. The principal activities of the comp each are investment holding and the provision of management values. Besides, the principal activities had described in No te 12 to the financial statement. Where, there have been no signifi near dealt changes in the nature of the principal activities during the financial year.dodge to competeCustomers satisfaction is the focus of Top Glove and it had stationd a lot of emphasis in Research and Development to produce a wide and diversified range of high eccentric and value-added glove products in order to fulfill the expectation of their customers. The company also collaborates closely with the government agencies and Ministries to keep itself informed of the la probe phylogeny in rubber research technology. The company also theatrical roles state-of-art high technology and efficient automatic glove manufacturing machine to obtain the roughly products manufacturing yield and to remain as one of the most cost-effective and highest quality producer in the industry. With all these advantages and strategies, the company is able to compete with the competitors and stand out in the industry.Production Processes of Top Glove(TG) CompanyOne of the successful reasons that TG Company endure succeed in their business is because they have a strong and good employment procedure in their rubber-base paint glove making. They believe that they must have the most modern and advanced glove manufacturing machineries if they wished to be continuing as a world-class cost effective glove manufacturer. They have invested substantially in the machineries that are postulate to ensure that they mass fully adopt the la prove manufacturing techniques for all their subject neckcloths. Other than that, they to ensure that they can consistently produce high quality rubber-base paint paint paint paint gloves are also utilise a free burning engineering sour.Competent and experienced personnel also contribute in smooth toil line and trunk in quality of the rubber-base paint gloves even though they have modern machineries. In addition, an on-line(a) quality opticise measures have been ins tituted throughout the manufacturing actiones to ensure the highest quality products.The rubber-base paint is a white, milky limpid that comes from rubber trees, which is either from native or hybrid trees. Mostly, TG gets its latex from buying through the rubber commercialize while the remaining latex is from their own rubber plantation. The latex pull up stakesing be harvested from rubber trees when the trees frame is swollen and also every day, later the rain has stopped during the rainy season. The latex is a earthy product and it go out coagulate easily, therefore it carrys to be harvests from the rubber trees as soon as possible and then glow to TG factory to be manufactured.When the latex is sent to the TG factory, the latex forget be manufactured with a ensampleized method that is set by the company itself. The flow of the employment form of latex glove in TG Company is condition cleaning, coagulant dipping, drying, latex dipping, leaching, beading, vulcani zing, post leaching, slurry dipping, stripping, stunting, and quality defend. originator CleaningBefore the latex can be process to the coagulant dipping process into hand-shaped, the glove formers need to be cleaned before it can be employ to form hand-shaped latex gloves. A quality production of exam gloves includes the environment of latex glove factory is clean. This also way glove formers must be cleaned to ensure there is no dirt or debris anywhere because it will affect the last product to possibly have defects like holes. Firstly, glove former must be dipping into an acid tubful and then rinse with clean peeing. Secondly, an alkaline bath is used by dipping the glove formers in them to rot the acid and aadd-on rinsed in clean water. Lastly, an important step that is the glove formers are brushed to ensure the surface of the glove formers is consistent and eliminate pinholes on the latex gloves after it form.TG factory have sixfold production lines that produce batch es of disposable gloves. If there is any dirt or debris on the glove former, it can result in the manufacturer being forced to trash the entire batch of latex gloves. This reason shows the importance of glove formers that must be unconstipatedly inspected and cleaned before the molds are dipped into coagulant tanks.Coagulant DippingAfter the glove former is cleaned, it will be coated with coagulant (eg. calcium nitrate) and be dipped into the coagulant bath to help the latex mixture adhere to the formers and to help ensure the latex is distributed equally. The glove formers are dipped into the coagulant tank downstairs TG thespians control to extract the protein from the previous glove dipping and this dipping is done once for every production cycle.DryingDrying is one of the stations in production process of latex gloves manufacturing whereby the coagulant converts the liquid latex film into a mean-gel on the glove formers and will eventually transit through a series of ovens to dry the gloves and end the coagulation process. In brief, it is a process of drying the gloves from wet to readymade gloves.Latex DippingLatex dipping is one of the stations in the production process of latex gloves manufacturing and the tank is modify with compounded latex. A latex layer will be formed on the glove former after it goes through this tank. The thickness of the latex glove is disciplined at the coagulating and dipping stage. The longer the time the glove former travels in the coagulant tank, the thicker the latex gloves will be formed. TG Company will ensure that the latex gloves that produce is high quality and safe to be use.LeachingThis leaching stage can called as the pre-vulcanization leaching. It also cognise as wet gel leaching. Residual chemicals and proteins on the surface of the gloves are ordinate into the leaching process to be removed after the drying of latex mixture. A longer leaching line can wash out latex proteins more effectively. Besides th at, the water must be importunate and fresh enough to punctuate the proteins dissolve unwrap. This step is a critical step to minimize the particular of latex sensitivity. The water temperature, process duration, and water exchange rate will affect the effectiveness of the process. close leaching line can result in a good and quality latex glove. pearlBeading is a process whereby up to a dozen chemicals are added to help in following(a) manufacturing process of latex gloves. The chemicals added are antioxidant that prevents deterioration of the rubber molecules in the final product by heat, moisture, and ozone. chemical substance accelerators are also added to help control the following(a) vulcanization process.VulcanizationOne of the discovery happen upon in manufacturing rubber is the vulcanization process. It is a curing process in the production process of latex gloves whereby the latex particles are modified by adding in accelerator chemicals to it. When all the materi als are heated, sulfur atoms are chained with the rubber molecules to form a cross-link that gives strengths and elasticity to the physical properties of the rubber. This process ensures the rubber will not be torn and melt easily.Post LeachingThis process is similar to the wet-film leaching previously, but it is a little different whereby it is carried out on the dry/vulcanized latex film. Therefore, it is also known as dry-film leaching. Time and temperature is the most important element to ensure effectiveness in the process of water extractives reduction. Latex gloves may be leached up to 24 hours to ensure its effectiveness.Slurry DippingThis stage is also known as wet even powdering. The slurry tank containing the cornstarch solution can prevent latex gloves from sticking in the tank. The slurry is also referred to as wet powder. The benefit of this powder is acting as preservation of the latex gloves and to take to heart in the latex gloves donning process. TG Company has fo llowed the international method in the specific stage whereby the latex gloves will go through more ovens for further drying and additional rinsing cycles where the powder will be removed. The process of removing the powder is to avoid latex allergic reaction.StrippingAt this stage, the latex gloves are stripping from the glove formers. There are two types of methods, which are manually or automatically stripping the latex gloves from the glove formers. TGs latex examination gloves are stripped by fully automated stripping machine. By development this fully automated stripping machine, TG can cast up the quality and safety of the latex gloves they produced. The latex gloves will be sent to the next phase of the latex glove manufacturing process for final drying.TumblingThe tumbling process at latex gloves manufacturing process is to remove excessive powder on the gloves. The latex gloves are putting into the commercial dryers to ensure that the powder is more evenly distributed an d excess powder can be removed.Powder-Free GlovesPowder-free gloves stage is a technology to prevent stickiness of gloves by avoiding powder usage completely by deviation through chlorination or polymer coating process. This is one of the important technology processes in manufacturing latex glove immediately because most of the glove exercisers are producing the latex gloves with powder-free. Top Glove produces latex powder and powder-free gloves. Basically, the powder-free latex gloves are transformed from powdered gloves when the powder is removed. Before the latex gloves dried, the powder helps the latex gloves give uniformity as well as to prevent the latex gloves from molding together. The tackiness on the glove surface can be removed by rinsing the latex gloves in water. Then it is placed into a atomic number 17 bath to transform the powdered latex gloves to powder-free latex gloves. The glove is turned inside out and the process is repeated. The powder-free gloves are pla ced back into the dryers when the bathing process is completed.Quality ControlTG carries out its quality control in total quality management system. In total quality management system, the process includes unconstipated canvasing of naked materials, close monitoring the manufacturing process, constant improvement on quality control, maintain regular quality control, complying with stringent quality standard, target for zero defects, good instructional labeling, efficient work standardization, continuous improvements in packing and loading, close monitoring of production process, pliant strength machine, innovative auto-stripping system, visual air pump test, water tight test, physical dimension test, protein test and powder test in their manufacturing process of latex gloves. The visual air pump test, water tight test and physical dimension test will be carried out in this quality control stage while the other test will be carry out during each manufacturing process of the late x gloves. The air pump test serves to check for holes and visual defects in gloves while the watertight test serves to check for pinholes rate on the latex gloves. Each country will have their own acceptable quality level (AQL) in allowing the company to export product to their country. For example, the companies that want export their gloves to United States, a 2.5 AQL in the watertight test or better. The physical dimension test is used to measure the dimension of the gloves whether to know the measurement does meet the follow-up level of 4.0 that set in AQL.PackingPacking is the final stage in the manufacturing process of latex gloves. TG packs their latex gloves in flat and efficient layer-by-layer to ease the dispensing of gloves in order to avoid latex gloves problematical to dispense from each gloves later. This type of packing method can reduces waste and makes latex gloves easier to take out from the box. For example, we can dispense tissue from a tissue box easily and th e idea is use to the latex gloves box dispensers. This layered technique is often use by all glove manufacturers.Lastly, when all production processes are completely carried, the latex gloves will be keep in TG warehouse for labeling and then send to their particular customers. In addition, the latex gloves are also being exported to other countries. The production processes of Top Glove are repeated for all the production lines and to ensure the latex gloves that are produced are in high quality and safe for use.Strength of the Production ProcessThe machine technologies that TG used to make their production processes of latex gloves are result in superior quality and it is safe to use by all consumers. The production process in TG adopts the latest manufacturing techniques by using the modern machineries. Other than that, the production processes in TG helps their company to increase precision and productivity in their latex gloves production. This is due to the advanced and modern technology that applied in the production processes. In addition, the production processes also increase the flexibility in producing latex gloves. The production processes will also increase the process stability during the manufacturing process of latex gloves. It is because the production processes are carried under a systematic production processes. The products will be produced gradually by following specific production processes and to ensure the product is high quality produced.The efficient production processes is able to help TG in preservation a lot of production cost. It is because the efficient production processes can ensure that they can produce latex gloves effectively and efficiently. Then, the production processes also helps TG in reducing the number of workers. This is due to most of production processes are fully operated by the machine technology. This helps TG to save cost in the workers.Weaknesses of the Production ProcessTG require to invest heavily in buyi ng the modern machineries and need to hire more experienced personnel in their production process. TG uses modern technology in carrying out their production processes to make latex gloves. The machineries that bought were extremely expensive. Thus, the aliment of the machineries is expensive and if there had any minor or major accessories spoiled it will be dear(p) to the company to repair it back. It is because the accessories that are used in the machines are not for common use by other manufacturers within the same field bowl or other field areas and it is difficult to visualize for substitutes for that specific accessories. TG always checks and maintains the effectiveness of their machineries to prevent it from being spoiled.In addition, TG also needs to hire more experienced and skilled personnel with higher salary to operate the specific machineries and carry researches. Some machinery needs special skilled and experienced personnel to take charge and TG does not simply h ire a worker to operate the manufacturing machineries. The experts for such operations in the latex industry are much few in other fields. Thus, TG needs to spend more money to hire those experts that operate their operations.Facility LayoutThe layout of a company is very important because it establishes an organizations competitive priorities in regard to capacity, process, flexibility, cost, as well as quality of work life, customer contact, and image. An effective layout can help an organization achieve a strategy that supports differentiation, low cost, or response. The objective of layout strategy is to develop an effective and efficient layout that will meet the firms competitive requirements. Layout jut has the following purpose-Higher utilization of space, equipment, and peoplebetter flow of information, materials, or peopleImproved employees morale and safer working conditionsImproved customer/ client interactionFlexibility (layout need to be change from time to time)TG i s a company that used work cell layout to produce its products. Work cell layout means an localizement of machines and personnel that focuses on making a single product or family of related products. A work cell reorganizes people and machines that would ordinarily be dispersed in various departments into a throng so that they can focus on making a single product or a group of related products. Once the work cell has the appropriate equipment located in proper sequence, the next task will be staff and balance the cell. Normally it involves two steps. First, determine the takt time, which is the pace (frequency) of production units necessary to meet customer ordersTakt time = Total work time available/ Units requiredSecond, determine the number of operators requiredWorkers required = Total operation time required/ Takt timeBy doing so, the company can increased equipment and machinery utilization due to better scheduling and faster material flow. Diagram on a lower floor shows the layout of Top Glove company and the description of the components inside the layout-http//turnkey.taiwantrade.com.tw/En/DB/layout%284%29.jpgThe space of the layout is 80m (length) x 50m (width) x 8m (height) which can be categorize as a big company.Waste water- all(a) the unwanted or wastewater will stored in this area.Latex storage- This is the place to store latex that use to produce latex gloves. It place near to the dipping line and chemical dispensing compounding ball mills because it easy for mixing work which need to combine other raw material and chemical substances with latex to produce the latex gloves.WC- This is the place for workers to refresh themselves.Tools/Maintenance- Places that put or keep the tools and equipments that used to produce the glove and for maintenance purpose. All the tools and equipments will be keeping in a specific place that easy the workers to find it.chemical substance storage- All the chemical substances, which are dangerous, will keep here to avoid any accident happen and make sure the workplace is safety. This live is just nearby of the chemical dispensing compounding ball mills to make sure that the compounding work can be carry out smoothly.Dipping line- This is the place where machine is end for examination and operative latex gloves, which include the process of auto washing, coagulants agents dipping, latex dipping, drying, and beading, fore leaching, vulcanizing, post-leaching, wet powdering, cooling, and stripping.Chemical Dispensing Compounding Ball Mills- The place that carry out the work of compounding or mixing of the raw materials, chemical substances, latex and many other to produce the gloves.Chlorination- A process of producing powder free gloves by treating these gloves with chlorine. It also removes the first layer of protein to an acceptable level.Tumbler Dryer- It is a machine that tries to dry up the gloves after all the compound mixed together.Sterilization- The place that sterilizes the gloves u sing Gamma irradiation to eliminate all microbic life, including highly resistant bacteria spores.Worker Canteen- Places for workers to have their meals.Plant Officer- This is the office for plant officer who cope the production work of the company.Q.C Room- All the finished gloves will send to this room for checking before send to customer. The workers will checked the gloves one by one and see whether there are any rejected glove that do not meet the quality standard of the company.Lap Testing- Lap for chemist to test for raw formula or compound that can improve the existing glove or testing for naked as a jaybird products. This is good for the company to fight with his competitors however some cost may be incurred for the research and development work.Packaging Area/Material- All the gloves that have go through Q.C checking will send here for promotional material before sell to the customers. There are sufficient machine and material prepared for packaging work so that the gl ove will be pack nicely and keep in a good condition.Show Room- Room to display the products of the company. Customers who interested in the products of the company can take a tincture on the sample that show in this room.Company Office- Main office of the company where all the admin work of the company will carry out here.Finished Product Storage- The finished products will be stored here and waiting to send to the customers by the trucks.Strength of the Facility LayoutTop Glove used work cell layout as their strategy to produce their products to utilize the capacity of the company, which may bring a lot of advantages to the company. First, it can reduced work-in- process inventory which means there is less inventories or equipments necessary to link up the work that is in different process because the work cell is set up to provide one piece flow from machine to machine. Second, less floor space required because less space is needed between machines to accommodate work-in-proces s inventory. For example, the tumbler dryer is place closely with the process of sterilization that uses to sterilize the gloves bacteria. Thus, it saves a lot of space between these two processes. Next, when the employees work in this kind of layout, it will heightened the sense of employees federation in the organization and the product which will encourage them to add responsibility toward the product quality because they straightway associated with the products in their own work cell. For example, the employees who work as an operator in dipping line will feel motivated and carry out his work carefully when the manager empowered him to look after the machine or participate in any work that related to the dipping process. Lastly, increased equipment and machinery utilization is also one of the advantages because of better scheduling and faster material flow. When the glove is being chlorinate immediately it will run short to the process of drying and after this it will go thro ugh the process of sterilization immediately as well. The fast material flow show that it utilize the machinery and equipment effectively.Weaknesses of the Facility LayoutHowever, there are still some weaknesses in this layout, which is the straight-line work cell layout as we can see in the dipping line. The workers in the dipping line are arrange in such way that sometime they will find that it is hard to divided their work evenly and more worker is needed compare to the U-shape work cell layout. This may cause social idleness in the workplace, which means some worker may work less as compare to his colleague. This is not good to happen in the workplace because it will lower down the morale of other worker who works hard but he just gets the same pay as his colleague who is lazy. Next, from the layout of the company, we also notice that there is only one main gate for exist and entry but no other emergency or back door in the layout. This is also a weakness of the company because there is no other emergency door for workers to escape if any accident happens.Goods and Service visualizeThe other strategic of this company is goods and service design. Top Gloves main productions are rubber gloves, synthetic gloves and surgical gloves. Top glove producing more latex glove as compare others glove, since latex gloves is a better choice of protection. The reasons are the latex is the main material in rubber gloves manufacture where it is the gold standard for durability. Where latex is referring to a milky, usually whitish, fluid obtained from over 1,000 species of trees and plants. It is the most important raw material used for the production of latex gloves, earthy rubber latex, which derived from the Hevea Brasiliensis tree species found mainly in sulfur East Asia though they originated from Brazil. It demonstrates superior elasticity, strength and barrier protection. It outperforms vinyl as well as any synthetic rubber in terms of maintaining barrier integri ty in routine and high risks procedures. found on the researches, the latex gloves provide up to 9 times more protection during normal use than non-latex gloves. The glove size is determined by measuring the circumference of the hand around the palm area with a tape measure. The usual size standard for examination gloves are of XS XL, while surgical gloves are of 6.5 8.5. The gloves thickness measured by depth protecting skin from exposure to elements. It was measured on a single wall using a micrometer over several parts of the glove, typically at the cuff, the mid-palm and the finger sections. The types of gloves are latex gloves, nitrile gloves, vinyl gloves, medical gloves, surgical gloves, disposable gloves, clean room gloves, household gloves, general-purpose gloves, and polyethylene gloves (PE glove). For example, the nitrile glove is one of the synthetic gloves that are produced from the synthetic latex of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Copolymer type, which is resistance to oil and exhibiting rubber-like characteristics. Its elasticity is good but less superior as compared to natural rubber. It is generally more costly than natural latex gloves.Strengths of the Goods and Service designThe strengths of using this strategic which is the goods and service design are Top Gloves gloves are protect to lives and the price of it are low compare to other glove brands. When they manufacture the gloves, the gloves will test in the elongation or stretching test, to measure the strengths of the gloves. During across-the-board surgeries, the practice of changing to a new pair of gloves prior to a critical procedure has been far-famed to reduce bacterial contamination.Weakness of the Goods and Service designThe weaknesses are poor donning techniques, which is can result in glove rips and tears. Healthcare personnel should take care to don gloves correctly and avoid excessive stretching. well dry hands before sliding them into gloves.Quality ManagementQuality is refer s to the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Every organization should manage and control of their products quality. It is important to help the organization to build a well reputation in the industry. By doing this, customer will more reliability on such product and finally help to gain the market share. Top Glove is a manufacturer company that pays much attention on the products quality. Top Glove committed and believes in top quality products, they are responsibility to ensure quality consistency and product reliability to all their customers and users.Before the products go into the packaging process and sell to the market, Top Glove has implemented the quality inspection process to make sure that their products are producing at the expected quality level. Top Glove is strongly stresses on Total Quality Management (TQM) and the Quality Control tests are conducted from the point we receive our raw materials straight through the production processes and the finished products points. Compulsory pre-shipment inspections are carried out before the delivery of each order. Top Glove is emphasis on stringent quality control procedures in line with ISO 9001 and in strict compliance with ASTM and EN 455 standards.Top Glove has using the tensile strength machine as the measurement of the stretch required to break the glove material. Glove without good vulcanized process tend to have higher tensile strength. Top Glove also has using the innovative auto-stripping system to removing the gloves from the formers, where they are turn inside out. By doing this, the productivity can be increase because it is faster than by using manual stripping. Air pump test has been used to check for holes and visual defects in gloves. Furthermore, water tight test also using by Top Glove to check on the quality of products which is a test that use to determine the AQL level of an examination gloves by checking on the pinholes of the particular gloves after filling up the gloves with 1000ml water and then check for any leakage in 2 minutes time. To ensure the quality of products, Top Glove has been conducted the protein test of the rubber. All natural rubber latex products contain protein. For latex gloves, it is the measurement o

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs Analgesic

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs AnalgesicINTRODUCTIONThe process of healing in a demolishd operating system depends on several operator outs related to the patient, recrudesce office, and treatment ( pestle et al., 2004). In contrast to healing in other soft tissue, bone rive healing is a very remarkable process, because rather than al depleted foring to lolly tissue formation, normal bone healing leads to the regeneration of the anatomy of the bone and complete return to function (Sfeir et al., 2005).Administrations of different pharmacological agents have been cognize to have an effect on the breakage healing process. Such agents accept corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antibiotics and anticoagulant medications (lppokratis et al., 2007). Among these drugs, NSAIDS and anticoagulants be commonly employ in the management of better cases. Not only be they prescribed in quotidian practise, they are shop atly administered concomitantly (Ellen, 2003).NSAIDs are often used because of their analgesic effects. They carry let on their pharmacologic effect by inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Diclofenac sodium, a commonly used NSAID derived from phenylacetic acid, is indicated for the management of acute and chronic conditions. Anticoagulants on the other spend are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Major orthopedic detriment is a compelling risk factor for the development of DVT. This condition has been notice to occur in 50-70% of patients submitted to acute fix of proximal femoral fracture, multiple fracture patients, and those presenting with spinal cord accidental injury when no prophylactic measure is performed. The most commonly used anticoagulants are low molecular w octad heparin (LMWH) and warfarin (Guyton and Hall, 2006).One subject area has describe no difference in quantitative amount of impart or radiographically measured unfeelingness formed during NSAIDs use. (Herbenick et al., 2008). In another take away, Muller et al., 2004 reported that diclofenac sodium when given orally affected the mechanical properties of bone, trim down body weight gain and reduced the coefficient of non-fractured bone. A shrinkificant deferment in fracture healing following administration of enoxaparin was reported by Street et al. (2000). Their involve found fewer proliferating carrels and fewer transforming pericytes in the medullary cavity at day 7 and 14 and weaker mechanical properties at day 21 compared to the contain animals. Hak et al., (2006), however reported no baneful effect of LMWH on fracture healing mechanical properties.Regardless of the frequent use of anticoagulants as prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs as analgesic in the management of trauma cases, few studies have shown their combined effect during fracture healing. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the effect of combine use of these drugs on the histolog y and histomorphometry of bone tissues in experimental rat model of bone fractures.Materials and regularityAnimal managementThirty six male Wistar rats weighing mingled with 150g to 200g were used. Animals were housed in clean plastic cages and provided with food and water ad libitum end-to-end the experimental period. All animals were handled in accordance with the guidelines for animal research as detailed in the NIH Guidelines for the care and use of laboratory Animals (NIH Publication, 2011) and experimental protocol were approved by local institutional research and ethics committee. cracking ProceduresAnimals were randomly divided into 3 assemblages (A, B and C) of 12 animals. All animas were submitted to diaphysial fracture of right shin after being anesthetized with chloroform via uptake under aseptic conditions. Animals were then allowed to move freely without any immobilizing (Muller et al 2004).Drug administration pursual fracture, animals in company B were admini stered with diclofenac and heparin, while group C were administered with diclofenac and warfarin. Group A animals served as entertain. Diclofenac was administered intramuscularly on alternate t in high spirits muscle at 5mg/kg/day. heparin was administered subcutaneously at 0.5mg/kg/day and warfarin was administered orally at 0.005mg/kg/day. Drug administration commenced12 hours following fracture was continued for daily for a period of 21 long time. Four animals were selected from each group for radiographic, histologic and histomorphometric analysis at day 7, 14 and 21 days detachment following treatment.Radiologic evaluationStandardized radiographs (Faxitron, Wheeling, IL USA) were performed at the time of sacrifice, utilise constant wanetings with the animal anesthetized and positioned prone with both hind limbs fully abducted. give union was evaluated by two, blinded, independent travel alongrs. Fracture union was defined as the presence of bridging callus a colossal op po grade cortices. (Hak et al., 2006)histological and Histomorphometric analysisFollowing radiographic evaluation, animals were sacrificed, and right tibia dissected out. Tibia bones were at present fixed in 10% formal saline for at least(prenominal) 24 hours. Fixed tibia tissues were then subjected to decalcification using 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) for 7 days. Following decalcification, tibia tissues were processed for routine paraffin wax embedding. Sections of 5 um thick were cut and stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE) part for general tissue histology and Van Geison staining procedure for collagen fibres.Stained sections were observed under Leica DM750 digital research microscope. Photomicrographs were taken via attached ICC50 digital tv camera from 3 non-overlapping areas of stained sections. These were then imported onto Image J software product (NIH sponsored public domain image analysis software) for histomorphometric analysis which included osteocytes cell numberi ng and cortical width measurement.Statistical analysisData obtained from histomorphometric count and measurement were analysed using One-way ANOVA followed by Students-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests for multiple comparison. GraphPadPrsim 5 (GraphPad Inc., USA) software was package use for statistical analysis. Significant difference was set at pResultsRadiographic analysisX-Ray photos of rat tibia after 7days of treatment showed fracture lines that were clearly visible with no sign of callus formation. After 14 days however minimal sediment of callus formation in all groups was observed. Bridging callus was much in control and group B rats as compared with group C and group D. After 21 days of Treatment more deposits of callus with fracture line no longer visible was observed in control and group B as compared with group C and D (Figure 1).Histological analysisHE staining showed intact osteocytes within lacunae, empty lacunae, and resorption cavities in all groups (Figure 2).Van Gieson staining technique differentiates between mature and fledgeless collagen fibres (callus). Mature collagen fibres stains deep red while immature fibres stains pale orange. The food coloring intensity of the deep red was observed in the control group through the 21 days of treatment. However groups B and C had more immature collagen fibres all through the 21 days of treatment when compared to the control (Figure 3).Histomorphometric measurementsData analysis shows that administration of diclofenac plus heparin and diclofenac plus warfarin in groups B and C respectively, significantly increased (pDiscussionIn the current study, we found that administration of heparin and diclofenac as well as warfarin and diclofenac resulted in increased number of osteocytes count at hebdomad 1, 2 and 3when compared with the control. Though at day 14 the osteocyte count of diclofenac heparin animals was significantly higher than diclofenac warfarin group. Increased osteocytes number is associated wit h increase in activity of osteoclast, subsequently change magnitude bone resorption (Lynda 2011).The use of anticoagulant is associated with surgical site heamatoma formation. The early use of LMWH in patients with fractures whitethorn lead to larger fracture site hematoma. It is generally accepted that fracture site hematoma could be beneficial in fracture healing. Studies by Grundnes and Reikera in 1993 have shown that evacuation of this hematoma could be deleterious on fracture healing. However Street et al 2000 showed that though hematoma could be beneficial, high concentration of potassium in fracture site hematoma is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and osteoblasts. Therefore increased fracture site heamatoma volume may have deleterious effect on fracture healing. Hak et al 2006 reported the presence of heamatoma formation in short term administered LMWH in animals. In this study, we observed no hematoma formation at fracture site in diclofenac heparin administered animals. How ever, the presence of hematoma was observed in animals receiving diclofenac and warfarin which persisted for the period of 3 weeks.Studies by Avioli et al 1975 and Matzsch et al 1990 identified long term use of heparin to be a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in humans. Their finding was supported by Chowdhury et al., 1992, they concluded that low doses of standard heparin directly stimulates bone resorption by increasing the number of differentiated osteoclasts and by enhancing the activity of individual osteoclast. One study by Nishiyama et al., (1997) comparing the effects of heparin and LMWH (dalteparin) after 8 days of injection, observed that rats treated with standard heparin showed a significant simplification in osteoid surface and mineral apposition rates and seven of eight rats suffered spontaneous femoral fracture. When compared with the rats treated with LMWH, they observed minimal simplification in bone indices and no fractures. These finding is suppor ted by this study were we observe decrease cortical thickness in animals treated with diclofenac and anticoagulants when compared with the control. However this decrease was more marked in diclofenac warfarin group than in diclofenac heparin group. Decrease in cortical width has been said to lead to cortical porosity resulting in increased fragility of bone. (Bouvaed et al., 2012 Evangelos and Meletios 2014). In this study radiographic evidence showed reduced callus formation in anticoagulants and diclofenac treated animals at the end of the 3rd week. However no reduction in callus formation was obsereved in control group. This is consistent with studies done by Hak et al., 2006. terminalIn conclusion the combined use of diclofenac and anticoagulants could affect the quality of fracture healing, hence the study recommends that concomitant use of diclofenac and anticoagulants should be applied with caution.

Microbial Production Of Industrial Enzymes Biology Essay

microbial Production Of Indus discharge Enzymes Biology turn offEnzymes be biocatalysts traind by vitality cellphones to bring n un whilely peculiar(prenominal) biochemical reactions gener all toldy forming parts of the metabolic solvees of the cells. Enzymes ar superiorly detail in their action on substratums and often galore(postnominal) antithetic enzymes ar necessitate to bring some, by concerted action, the sequence of metabolic reactions performed by the living cell. All enzymes which live been purified ar protein in personality, and may or may not possess a nonprotein prosthetic group.The practical application and industrial use of enzymes to accomplish genuine reactions apart from the cell dates back galore(postnominal) centuries and was practiced long before the nature or function of enzymes was understood. commit of barleycorn function for stiffen conversion inbrewing, and of dung for bating of hides in welt qualification, atomic number 1 8 examples of ancient use of enzymes. It was not until nearly the turn of this carbon that the causative federal agents or enzymes responsible for bringing about lots(prenominal) biochemical reactions became known. Then crude readyings from certain zoology tissues such as pancreas and patronage mucosa, or from plant life tissues such as malt and papaya fruit, were prompt which engraft technical applications in the fabric, leather,brewing, and other industries.HISTORY-Dr. Jokichi Takamine (1894, 1914) was the commencement soulfulness to realize the technical possibility of cultivated enzymes and to introduce them to perseverance. He was in the main concerned with fungous enzymes, whereas Boidin and Effront (1917) in France pi adeptered in the turnout of bacterial enzymes about 20 years later.Technological progress in this field during the last decades has been so great that, for many uses, micro-bial cultivated enzymes ready re daubd the savage or plant enzymes. Once the favorable terminuss of employing such enzyme preparations were established, a search began for better, less(prenominal) expensive, and more readily available sources of such enzymes.It was found that certain micro beingnesss produce enzymes identical in action to the amylases of malt and pancreas, or to the proteases of the pancreas and papaya fruit. This led to the floriculture of work ates for producing such microbic enzymes on a commercial scale Example, in framework desizing, bacterial amylase has largely replaced malt or pancreatin. At present, notwithstanding a relatively small number of microbic enzymes flummox found commercial application, moreover the number is increasing, and the field will undoubtedly be much expanded in the future.Enzyme classification-Presently more than 3000 antithetic enzymes flip been isolated and classified. The enzymes argon classified into six major categories base on the nature of the chemical reaction they catalyze1. Oxidoredu ctases - Catalyze oxidation or reduction of their substrates.2. Transferases - Catalyze group transfer.3. Hydrolases - Catalyze bond breakage with the accessory of pee.4. Lyases - Remove groups from their substrates.5. Isomerases - Catalyze intramolecular rearrangements.6. Li louse upes - Catalyze the joining of two molecules at the expense of chemical energy.Only a peculiar(a) number of all the known enzymes ar commercially available . More than 75 % of industrial enzymes ar hydrolases. Protein-degrading enzymes constitute about 40 % of all enzyme sales. More than 50 commercial industrial enzymes argon available and their number is increasing steadilyPRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL ENZYMESEnzymes occur in every living cell, so in all microorganisms. Each single emphasis of organism produces a large number of enzymes, hydrolyzing, oxidizing or reducing, and metabolic in nature. But the imperative and relative amounts of the various individual enzymes produced vary markedly between species and level off between strains of the akin species. Hence,it is customary to select strains for the commercial production of specific enzymes which have the capacity for producing racyest amounts of the particular enzymes desired. Commercial enzymes ar produced from strains of honks, bacteria, and yeastsUp until less than 10 years ago, commercial fungal and bacterial enzymes were produced by scrape up culture methods. Within the past few years, however, go dispirited culture methods have come into extensive use.For fungal enzymes, the mold is cultivated on the go up of a substantiality substrate. Takamine utilize shuck bran and this has come to be accept as the nearly satisfactory basic substrate although other hefty materials can be utilize. opposite ingredients may be added, such as nutrient salts, acid or buffer to regulate the pH, soy loft meal or beet cosettes to stimulate enzyme production. In one variety of the bran process, the bran is steamed for sterilization, cooled, inoculated with the mold spores and are then spreaded .Incubation takes place in domiciliate where the temperature and humidity are controlled within limits by circulated job. It may be declared that instead of trays for incubation, Takamine, as well as other producers, at one time apply slowly rotating drums. Generally tray incubation gives more rapid growth and enzyme production. Bacterial enzymes have been and are withal produced by the bran process. .Incubation takes place in chambers where the temperature and humidity are controlled within limits by circulated air However, until recently the process originally invented by Boidin and Effront was near extensively employed In this process, the bacteria are cultivated in special culture vessels as a pellicle on the surface of thin layers of liquifiable medium, the paternity of which is adjusted for utter around production of the desired enzyme. Different strains of Bacillus subtilis and unalike med ia are employed, depending on whether bacterial amylase or protease is desired.PRODUCTION crop OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES USING MICROBESSolid State turmoilSolid-state zymosis (SSF) is a method apply for the production of enzymes. Solid-state excitement involves the market-gardening of microorganisms on a solid substrate, such as grains, rice and straw bran. This method is an alternative to the production of enzymes in facile by submerged fermentation. SSF has many expediencys over submerged fermentation. These intromit, laid-back volumetric productivity, relatively richly assiduousness of product, less effluent generated and simple fermentation equipment.. SSF requires moisture to be present on the substrate, for the microorganisms to produce enzymes. As a consequence the water content of the substrate must likewise be optimized, as a higher(prenominal) or lower aim of water may adversely affect the microbial activity. Water also has implications for the physicochemical properties of the solid substrate. Enzymes of industrial importance have been produced by SSF. some examples are, proteases, pectinases, glucoamylases andcellulasesMicroorganisms employ for the production of enzymes in S.S.F.A large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and fungi produce diverse groups of enzymes.Selection of a particular strain, however, remains a tedious task, curiously when commercially competent enzyme yields are to be achieved. The selection of a suitable strain for the required purpose depends upon a number of factors, in particular upon the nature of the substrate and environmental conditions. Generally, hydrolytic enzymes, e.g. cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, etc. are produced by fungal cultures, since such enzymes are apply in nature by fungi for their growth. Trichoderma spp. and genus genus Aspergillus spp. have more or less broad(a)ly been used for these enzymes. Amylolytic enzymes too are commonly produced by filamentous fungi an d the preferred strains belong to the species of Aspergillus and Rhizopus. Although commercial production of amylases is carried out using both fungal and bacterial cultures, bacterial a -amylase is slackly preferred for starch liquefaction due to its high temperature stability. In order to achieve high productivity with less production cost, apparently, genetically modified strains would hold the key to enzyme production.Substrates used for the production of enzymes in SSF systemsAgro-industrial residues are largely considered the best substrates for the SSF processes, and use of SSF for the production of enzymes is no exclusion to that. A number of such substrates have been employed for the cultivation of microorganisms to produce host of enzymes .Some of the substrates that have been used included sugar cane bagasse, wheat bran, rice bran, maize bran, gram bran, wheat straw, rice straw, rice husk, soyhull, sago hampas, word of mouth trimmings dust, saw dust, corncobs, coconu t coir pith, banana waste, tea waste, cassava waste, typewriter ribbon oil mill waste, aspen pulp, sugar beet pulp, sweet sorghum pulp, apple pomace, peanut meal, rapeseed cake, coconut oil cake, mustard oil cake, cassava flour, wheat flour, corn flour, steamed rice, steam pre-treated willow, starch, etc.Wheat bran however holds the key, and has most commonly been used, in various processes.The selection of a substrate for enzyme production in a SSF process depends upon several(prenominal) factors, mainly related with cost and availability of the substrate, and then may involve screening of several agro-industrial residues. In a SSF process, the solid substrate not only supplies the nutrients to the microbial culture growing in it but also serves as an anchorage for the cells. The substrate that provides all the unavoidable nutrients to the microorganisms growing in it should be considered as the ideal substrate. However, some of the nutrients may be available in sub-optimal con centrations, or even absent in the substrates. In such cases, it would become unavoidable to supplement them externally with these. It has also been a practice to pre-treat (chemically or mechanically) some of the substrates before using in SSF processes (e.g. ligno-cellulose), in that respectby making them more easily accessible for microbial growth. invention of bioreactor in Solid State FermentationsOver the last decade, there has been a significant reformment in understanding of how to design, operate and scale up SSF bioreactors. The key to these advances has been the application of mathematical modelling techniques to describe various physicochemical and biochemical phenomena within the system . The basic principle of SSF is the solid substrate bed. This bed contains the moist solids and an inter particle voids soma. SSF has been conventionally more applicable for filamentous fungi, which grow on the surface of the particle and disseminate through the inter particle lays into the depth of the bed. The process in most of the cases is aerobic in nature. The suitable bioreactor design to overcome the heat and visual modality transfer effects, and easy diffusion and extraction of metabolites has become the topic of calorific pursuit. While tray and drum type fermenters have been studied and used since long, much focus has been paid in last few years on developing packed bed fermenters as they could provide better process economics and a great deal of handling ease . A tray bioreactor could have unmixed beds without labored aeration of (manually) mixed bed without forced aeration. However, there has been no significant advances in tray design. Packed beds could be unmixed beds with forced aeration and rotating drums could have intermittent agitation without forced aeration, operating on uninterrupted or semi-continuous mode. The bed could be agitated intermittently or unendingly with forced aeration.Factors affecting enzyme production in SSFThe maj or factors that affect microbial synthesis of enzymes in a SSF system include selection of a suitable substrate and microorganism pre-treatment of the substrate particle size (inter-particle space and surface area) of the substrate water content and aw of the substrate relative humidity type and size of the inoculum control of temperature of fermenting matter/remotion of metabolic heat period of cultivation maintenance of uniformity in the environment of SSF system, and the gaseous atmos-phere, i.e. group O consumption rate and carbon dioxide evolution rate.Submerged FermentationSubmerged fermentation is the cultivation of microorganisms in liquid nutrient broth. Industrial enzymes can be produced using this process. This involves growing blow-by-blowly selected micro organisms (bacteria and fungi) in closed vessels containing a rich broth of nutrients (the fermentation medium) and a high concentration of oxygen. As the microorganisms break down the nutrients, they wash up the desired enzymes into solution. Due to the development of large fermentation technologies, the production of microbial enzymes accounts for a significant proportion of the biotechnology industry total output. Fermentation takes place in large vessels (fermenter) with volumes of up to 1,000 cubic metres.The fermentation media sterilises nutrients based on renewable raw materials like maize, sugars and soya. more or less industrial enzymes are secreted by microorganisms into the fermentation medium in order to break down the carbon and nitrogen sources. Batch-fed and continuous fermentation processes are common. In the batch-fed process, sterilized nutrients are added to the fermenter during the growth of the biomass. In the continuous process, sterilised liquid nutrients are fed into the fermenter at the same flow rate as the fermentation broth leaving the system. This will achieve a steady-state production. Parameters like temperature, pH, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide for mation are measured and controlled to optimize the fermentation process.Firstly, in harvesting enzymes from the fermentation medium one must gain in fat-soluble products, e.g. microbial cells. This is normally done by centrifugation. As most industrial enzymes are extracellular (secreted by cells into the external environment), they remain in the fermented broth after the biomass has been upstage. The biomass can be recycled as a fertiliser, but first it must be treated with lime to inactivate the microorganisms and stabilise it during storage.The enzymes in the remaining broth are then concentrated by evaporation, membrane filtration or crystallization depending on their intended application. If pure enzyme preparations are required, they are usually isolated by gel or ion convince chromatography. Certain applications require solid enzyme products, so the crude powder enzymes are make into granules to make them more convenient to use. Sometimes liquid formulations are preferred because they are easier to handle and dose along with other liquid ingredients. Enzymes used in starch conversion to convert glucose into fructose are immobilised, typically on the surfaces of inert granules heldin reaction columns or towers. This is carried out to prolong their working life as these enzymes normally go on working for over a year.Advantages of Submerged TechniqueMeasure of process parameters is easier than with solid-state fermentation.Bacterial and yeast cells are evenly distributed throughout the medium.thither is a high water content which is ideal for bacteria.DisadvantagesHigh cost due to the expensive mediaLarge reactors are needed and the behaviour of the organism cannot be predictedThere is also a risk of contamination.A ordinary LARGE SCALE MICROBIAL ENZYME PRODUCTION PROCESSRecovery of the enzymeIt generally depends upon precipitation from an aqueous solution, although some enzymes may be marketed as modify solutions. In the bran process, the enzyme is extracted from the koj i (the name given to the mass of material permeated with the mold mycelium) into an aqueous solution by percolation. In the liquid processes, the microbial cells are filtered from the beer. The enzyme may be precipitated by addition of solvents, such as propanone or aliphatic alcoholic beverages, to the aqueous enzyme solution, either at one time or after concentration by vacuum evaporation at low temperature. The precipitated enzyme may be filtered and dried at low temperature, for example in a vacuum shelf drye whiskeyr. The dry enzyme powders may be sold as undiluted concentrates on a potency basis or, for most applications, may be diluted to an established standard potency with an acceptable diluent. Some common diluents are salt, sugar, starch, and wheat flour. Most commercial enzymes are quite immutable in the dry form, but some require the presence of stabilizers and activators for maximum stability and efficiency in use. In theory, the fermentative production of microbial enzymes is a simple matter, requiring an appropriate organism grown on a medium of optimum composition under optimum conditions.The stocks in tidy sum of microbial enzyme manufacturers are thus the selected cultures, the composition of media, and the cultural conditions, all of which are usually held confidential. In practice, enzyme manufacturers suffer the samedifficulties in fermentation, frequently in even greater degree, as antibiotics producers. Total loss of fermentation batches may result from contamination, culture variation, failure of cultural control, and other like causes. Furthermore, knowledge and careful application of the best methods for recovery and stabilizationAPPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL ENZYMES IN INDUSTRIESDetergents were the first large scale application for microbial enzymes. Bacterial proteinases are put away the most important detergent enzymes. Some products have been genetically engineered to be more stable in the hostile environ ment of washing machines with several different chemicals present. These hostile agents include anionic detergents, oxidising agents and high pH.Amylases are used in detergents to remove starch based stains. Amylases hydrolyse gelatinised starch, which tends to stick on textile fibres and bind other stain components. Cellulases have been part of detergents since early 90s. Cellulase is actually an enzyme complex capable of degrading crystalline cellulose to glucose. In textile washing cellulases remove cellulose microfibrils, which are formed during washing and the use of cotton plant based cloths. This can be seen as colour brightening and softening of the material. alkaline cellulases are produced by Bacillus strains and neutral and acidic cellulases by Trichoderma and Humicola fungi.starch hydrolysis and fructose productionThe use of starch degrading enzymes was the first large-scale application of microbial enzymes in food industry. Mainly two enzymes read out conversion of st arch to glucose alpha-amylase cuts rapidly the large alpha-1,4-linked glucose polymers into shorter oligomers in high temperature. This phase is called liquefaction and is carried out by bacterial enzymes. In the next phase called saccharification, glucoamylase hydrolyses the oligomers into glucose. This is done by fungal enzymes, which operate in lower pH and temperature than alpha-amylase. Sometimes additional debranching enzymes like pullulanase are added to improve the glucose yield. Beta-amylase is commercially produced from barley grains and used for the production of the disaccharide maltose.An alternative method to produce fructose is shown in Figure 4. This method is used in Europe and uses sucrose as a starting material. Sucrose is split by invertase into glucose and fructose, fructose separated and crystallized and then the glucose circulated back to the process.Drinks And Brewing IndustriesEnzymes have many applications in drink industry. The use of chymosin in cheese ma king to coagulate draw protein was already discussed. Another enzyme used in milk industry is beta-galactosidase or lactase, which splits milk-sugar lactose into glucose and galactose. This process is used for milk products that are consumed by lactose intolerant consumers. Enzymes are used also in fruit juice manufacturing. Fruit cell wall needs to be broken down to improve juice liberation. Pectins are polymeric essences in fruit lamella and cell walls. They are closely related to polysaccharides. The cell wall contains also hemicelluloses and cellulose. Addition of pectinase, xylanase and cellulase improve the liberation of the juice from the pulp. Pectinases and amylases are used in juice clarification.Brewing is an enzymatic process. Malting is a process, which increases the enzyme levels in the grain. In the mashing process the enzymes are liberated and they hydrolyse the starch into soluble fermentable sugars like maltose, which is a glucose disaccharide. spare enzymes can be used to help the starch hydrolysis (typically alpha-amylases), solve filtration conundrums caused by beta-glucans present in malt (beta-glucanases), hydrolyse proteins (neutral proteinase), and control haze during maturation, filtration and storage (papain, alpha-amylase and beta-glucanase).Textiles Industries-The use of enzymes in textile industry is one of the most rapidly growing fields in industrial enzymology. stiffen has for a long time been used as a protective glue of fibres in weaving of fabrics. This is called sizing. Enzymes are used to remove the starch in a process called desizing. Amylases are used in this process since they do not harm the textile fibres .The same effect can be obtained with cellulase enzymes. The effect is a result of alternate(a) cycles of desizing and bleaching enzymes and chemicals in washing machines.Laccases are produced by white-rot fungi, which use them to degrade lignin the smelling(p) polymer found in all plant materials. Laccase is a copper-containing enzyme, which is oxidised by oxygen, and which in an oxidised state can oxidatively degrade many different types of molecules like dye pigments.Pulp And Paper IndustryIntensive studies have been carried out during the last twenty years to apply many different enzymes in pulp and reputation industry. The major application is the use of xylanases in pulp bleaching. Xylanases liberate lignin fragments by hydrolysing residual xylan. This reduces considerably the need for centilitre based bleaching chemicals. Other minor enzyme applications in pulp production include the use of enzymes to remove fine particles from pulp. This facilitates water removal. In the use of thirdhand (recycled) cellulose fibre the removal of ink is important. The fibre is diluted to 1% concentration with water, flocculating surfactants and ink solvents added and the mixture is aerated.The ink particles float to the surface. There are reports that this process is facilitated by addition of cellulase enzymes. In paper making enzymes are used especially in modification of starch, which is used as an important additive. Starch improves the strength, stiffness and erasability of paper. The starch suspension must have a certain viscosity, which is achieved by adding amylase enzymes in a controlled process. Pitch is a sticky substance present mainly in softwoods. It is composed of lipids. It is a special problem when mechanical pulps of red pine are used as a raw material. Pitch causes problems in paper machines and can be removed by lipases. This facilitates water removal. In the use of secondary (recycled) cellulose fibre the removal of ink is important in the processBaking Industry - corresponding fibre materials are used in baking than in animal feed. It is therefore conceivable that enzymes also affect the baking process. Alpha-amylases have been most widely studied in connection with improved colewort quality and increased shelf life. Both fungal and bacterial am ylases are used. Overdosage may lead to sticky borecole so the added amount needs to be carefully controlled. One of the motivations to study the effect of enzymes on dough and bread qualities comes from the pressure to reduce other additives. In addition to starch, flour typically contains minor amounts of cellulose, glucans and hemicelluloses like arabinoxylan and arabinogalactan. There is evidence that the use of xylanases decreases the water acculturation and thus reduces the amount of added water needed in baking. This leads to more stable dough. Especially xylanases are used in whole meal rye baking and dry crisps common in Scandinavia.Proteinases can be added to improve dough-handling properties glucose oxidase has been used to replace chemical oxidants and lipases to strengthen gluten, which leads to more stable dough and better bread quality.Various Important Microbial EnzymesCarbohydrasesCarbohydrases are enzymes which change polysaccharides or oligosaccharides. Several carbohydrases have industrial importance, but the amylases have the superlative commercial application. The various starch-splitting enzymes are known as amylases, the actions of whichmay be expressed in greatly simplifiedform as followsThe terms liquefying and saccharifying amylases are general classifications denoting the principal types of amylase action. f-Amylase, which is not of microbial origin, is a true saccharifying enzyme, forming maltose directly from starch by cleaving disaccharide unitsfrom the open ends of chains. The a-amylases from different sources usually have thoroughly liquefying ability, but may vary widely in saccharifying ability and thermalstability.Bacterial amylase preparations generally remain operative at considerably higher temperature than do fungal amylases, and at elevated temperatures give rapid liquefaction of starch. A significant application of the bacterial enzyme is in the continuous process for desizing of textile fabrics Another is in pre paring modified starch sizing for textiles and starch coatings for paperHigh temperature stability is also important in the brewing industry where microbial amylases have found use in supplementing low diastatic malt, and especially for initial liquefaction of adjuncts such as rice and corn grits Additional specific uses for bacterial amylase is in preparing cold water dispersible laundry starches and in removing wall paper.Fungal amylases possess relatively low thermal stability but act rapidly at lower temperatures and produce life-threatening saccharification. An enormous potential use for fungal amylase is as a saccharifying agent for grain alcohol fermentation mashes. At least two alcohol plants in this country regularly use fungal amylase for this purposeAn exceedingly important use for fungal amylases isin conversion of partially acid hydrolyzed starch tosweet syrups Amylases find extensive use in baking. Use of fungal amylase by the baker to supplement the diastatic activi ty of flour is common practice. The fungal amylase has the advantage of low inactivation temperature. This permits use of high levels of the amylase to improve sugar production, which increases gas formation and improves crust color, without danger of excessive dextrinization of the starch during bakingOther applications of microbial amylases where both fungal and bacterial enzymes are utilized are in processing cereal products for food dextrin and sugar mixtures and for breakfast foods, for preparation of chocolate and licorice syrups to keep them from congealing, and for recovering sugars from scrap candy of high starch content. Fungal amylases are also used for starch removal for flavoring extracts and for fruit extracts and juices, and in preparing clear, starch-freepectin. Microbial amylases are used for modifying starch in vegetable purees, and in treating vegetables for canningPROTEASESIndustrially available proteolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms are usually mixtures of endopeptidases (proteinases) and exopeptidases. In addition to microbial proteases, the plant proteases bromelin, papain, and ficin, and the animal proteases, pepsin and trypsin, have extensive industrial application. Because of the complex structures and high molecular weights of proteins made up of some 20 different amino acids, enzymic proteolysis is extremelycomplicated. Most proteases are quite specific with regard to which peptide linkages they can splitHence, it is necessary to select the appropriate protease complex or combination of enzymes for specific applications. Usually this can only be determined by trial and error methods. By means of such experimentation, however, many and diverse uses have been found for the various proteases. With proper selection of enzymes, with appropriate conditions of time, temperature, and pH, either limited proteolysis or complete hydrolysis of most proteins to amino acids can be brought about.Microbial proteolytic enzymes from different fungi and bacteria are available. Most fungal proteases will tolerate and act effectively over a wide pH range (about 4 to 8), while with a few exceptions, bacterialproteases generally work best over a narrow range of about pH 7 to 8.Fungal protease has been used for centuries in the manoeuver for the production of soy sauce, tamari sauce, and miso, a breakfast food After maximum enzyme production has taken place, the koji is covered with brine and enzymatic digestion allowed to take place. throttle use is made of this process for making soy sauce in this country also. In these uses, no attempt is made to separate the enzymes from the producing organisms. For most industrial applications, the microbial proteases are extracted from the growth medium as draw in an earlier section of this paper.One of the largest uses for fungal protease is in baking bread The proper amount of protease action reduces intermixture time and increases extensibility of doughs, and improves grain, text ure, and loaf volume. However, excess of protease must be avoided, and the time for enzyme action and quantity of enzyme used must be carefully controlled by the baker or sticky, unmanageable doughs will result.Cereal foods are also treated with proteolytic enzymes to modify their proteins, resulting in better processing

The IMPACT OF A MARKETING MIX

The impingement OF A MARKETING MIXMarketing Mix is defined as the collection of diverse market tools which stand be blended in truth well to obtain greater response from the market. Anything and e verything which a company or an governing soundbox does to capture and encourage consuming them also all(a)ow for be key factor in the market varietyThe term market mix has been utilise for almost 50yrs to describe that mix of factors over which an organisation has some specific control. It affects outlying(prenominal) more than the basic return or aid, embarrassing not lonesome(prenominal) aspects of total product but everything that faecal matter be considered as part of total marketing offering Adock 2001168 there be several marketing tools but the major four marketing factors which be very common in business relates to the marketing firmament atomic number 18 Product, toll, promotion and Place Considering Indian Premier coalition (IPL) in an pleasure industry framework, we be doing the service of process marketing mix, three supernumerary variables are also there- People, Physical Evidence and Process are include to produce a 7Ps mix.Based on the above stated seven-spot factors we are attempting to do the Marketing Mix of the Indian Premier partnership (IPL) in our coursework. While non- playing attributes that matter in IPL, the victory is mainly relying on the core competencies of cricket players. Always a new business poser is understood to mean a value proposition which is offered to the market as the revenue sources or targeted consumer segments. The key elements areMatches customer c all in all for potent Marketing MixWell BlendedCreates competitive advantageMatches corporate ResourcesFig No 1 H eachmarks of an effective Marketing Mix (Jobber 2010 20) merchandiseThe Indian Premier League (IPL) is a service that used to strike the needs of the spectators, because product is not to be necessarily an object it provoke be r elated to work, ideas and some situations it batch even relates to the people and shopping mall also. Physical products bathroom be tangible but pure services are intangible. This means the customers suffer high risk in their closing making and three elements of extended marketing mix are grand to influence the customer of service timbre. A product can be defined as anything that satisfies a want or need through use, consumption or acquisition John 2010250The Indian Premier League is an global stigma which is implemented by the Board of Control for play in India (BCCI).The IPL consists of octet-spot contrastive teams which is located in some of the Indias biggest cities. The IPL is the Twenty20 (20 overs per team) tourney contested between this eight Indian city franchises. When we take IPL as a business rather than a game then IPL is the product or service the assets are the players of these teams and the market is the spectators and the boob tube auditory sense. Rev enues can be generated from different ways like entry ticket, stadium advertising, player endorsements and tv rights.The change that happened to the cricket in the recent years is the establishment and success of the IPL. The tournament consists of around 60 partneres and team consists of international and domestic players as well as new players. The figure of speech one lenify began in April 2008 in India. The second was moved to South Africa because of security concerns due to the Indian common elections. The concept of the Indian Premier League (IPL) has been recognized by International Cricket Council (ICC).As Indian Premier League (IPL) was created by BCCI oddly by Lalit Modi IPL Commissioner and vice president of BCCI modelled on the basis of English football Premier League, which clearly stated the power of BCCI over Indian Cricket. The colossal success of the second season in South Africa shows that the location is only secondary stage to entertainment value. IPL ha s rather do big changes in Indias socio economic path. The important point is that IPL has make the level of professionalism which was not percolaten onward in BCCI.BRANDIPL is a service of its kind which has made its aver image in marketing prospective globally in entertainment service. The brand name of a service can also influence the perception of a service. The characteristics of a successful brand name are distinctiveness, relevance, memorability and flexibility Jobber 2010841The UK base brand consultancy, brand finance has valued IPL at $4.2billion in 2010.It has valued $2.01billion in 2009 by the same consultancy. The eight franchises was also being part of this growth. The London Times reported that all but Kings XI Punjab made a profit in the first season.RankFranchiseBrand Value1Chennai Super Kings$ 48.4m2Kolkata Knight Riders$ 46m3Rajasthan Royals$ 45.2m4Royal Challengers Bangalore$ 41.9m5Mumbai Indians$ 40.8m6Delhi Daredevils$ 40.5m7Kings XI Punjab$ 36.1m8Deccan C hargers$ 34.4mPLCReasons for the success of IPLThe main reason for the success of the IPL was demand. The caramel br witness base determines demand and this made the revenues, profits and the franchise value. The IPL was financially operable because of the entertainment that is packaged, markets and sale was fulfilling the fans demand.Product MarketThe service market establishes the different ways on the basis of business marketing concepts. As far as IPL is concerned the interest entrust depend upon the level of contention in the league. That is based upon the interest of BCCI, to bring up sure the level of tilt which sustains the demand and determines the long term liability of the league. The level of competition depends upon the number of teams in the league, the structure of the league system versus a single ground level system number of gimmickes in a season, end of season, play offs and tournaments, compensation caps and the free agency.Customer function symmetryThi s involves the benefits that are provided to satisfy the needs of organisational buyers (Thomas 2010 220).In IPL the franchises are engaging in activities that strengths the demand generating fan base. They made themselves financially viable by implementing brand value maximising decisions to make what viewers need from the IPL matches and how they are imperative to increase their franchise value. IPL matches are widened their viewer base attracted a number of women and children.Technology based dimensionThere are alternative ways to perform a picky function (Thomas 2010220).At a technical level based on Packers World Series Cup (WSC), IPL has scheduled every matches in even and night, more camera angles, video replays, best commentary teams and onscreen statistics on an revealing way. It improved television coverage, jockstrapships and marketing.Value Added system dimensionCompetitors serving the market can operate a long sequence of stages (Thomas 2010 220).In IPL the nonre pu blical capacity lead defer for different spectators. The franchises are recognising this and the price is ever-changing according to the fans get outingness to pay made a huge impact in the revenues. As an example, decision regarding seat allocation in the stadium daily tickets versus season tickets versus box seats and pricing of seats in the various sections of the stadium by a goodish understanding and consumer behaviour.PRICEPrice is basically the odd one out of the marketing mix as it is the revenue earner, when compared to the rest of the three elements of the marketing mix (Product, Promotion Place) which are costs. Price is a tangiblely important element of the marketing mix as it drives the product to the customers vicinity. (Jobber 2004 376).Price is a key marketing tool for various reasons, it is difficult to evaluate a service before procure there price may act as an indicator of quality and creative pricing can help for smooth demand (controlling demand). IPL ha s made contracts with different private sector and nationalised banks for selling the tickets through them, by this they can reach to the public quite easily. The IPL has generated the income through different ways.The auction for the eight franchises fetched $723.59million in 2008.On 2010 there was auction for two more teams which fetched $703million and the teams has spent $650.4 for command the players .IPL got the deal with DLF, Indias largest construction firm for $200 million for the title sponsorIPL signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official ump partner for a series at $ 24.06 million. The deal was the umpire uniforms result be of Kingfisher brand and also on the giant screen on the third umpire decision.IPL has made a contract with India Sony Entertainment television and Singapore based World Sport Group (WSG) for the global broadcasting rights on a record deal of $1.97billion for ten years including 2017 IPL season on fifteenth Jan 2008Demand curve graphWhatever the a mount collected 20% of these proceeds would go to IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchises. After the first successful first season in 2008 the second season which was held at South Africa proved that this league has shaken the sport at an international level, showed the shift of power from the developed existence to emerging economy like India. The auction process showed that commercial values were not the same as cricketing values.The creation of the IPL has resulted in an instant roaring for BCCI with the league signing up deals worth over $1.749billion in footing of broadcast right, franchise sales and sponsorships .The 64% of the revenue generated through all broadcasting and sponsorship will go to franchises and as guaranteed the franchises get 80%of television revenue in first two years declining to 50% in the third year. To add this they receive 60 %of central sponsorship for the first 10 years and 50% thereafter. This is because the league w ants to maximise the value of team owners. Sponsorship has contend a critical role in IPL to make the other companies in Indian market to make deals with either team or respective(prenominal) players to press the brand to the public.When the league was shifted to South Africa, to maintain revenues, team owners and co-sponsors came up with innovative ideas to make presence of IPL in Indian and South African markets. As an example the UB Group owner of the (Royal Challenger Bangalore) announced limited travel packages on Kingfisher Airlines (an international airline owned by UB Group) for Indians fountainhead to South Africa to expect the tournament.PROMOTIONThe intangible element of any service is difficult to channel. Promotion is the most essential part of the organisation which helped to communicate to the world about the service. There are different ways for promoting a service.AdvertisingAny kind of promotional activity that has been paid by the company, but the company i s not directly involved can be termed as advertising. The sources for that kind of promotions are newspaper, television, radio etc. The advantages of these kind of promotions are that you get support from the people who know about what customers like to see read and hear. The benefit of this is you dont need to put extra effort to promote by yourself. As newspaper, television and radio are commonly accepted for their widespread network in the advertisement field so that it will reach to most of its customers. The drawback for this kind of advertising is that the lack of customer interaction. They will be telecasting different advertisements on all the channels in every ad break throughout the day so that it will help the people to remember about it.Television Advertisement(Ref http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBBIrcKBMWkNR=1feature=fvwp)Public RelationsIn public relations ledger of mouth plays an important role to success for services because of their experiential nature. viral commun ications-sometimes called electronic word of mouth is been effectively used to promote IPLOnline PromotionThe new media like online promotion can also be used to promote services. Indian Premier League (IPL) use targeted emails to encourage customers. IPL will be sending online advertisements to wait reminding about the dates of the matches .The sponsors will also be telecasting there advertisements on the basis of IPL and promoting the merchandisersSocial Media EnvironmentsIPL is making a very good social media environment like Facebook and twitter very well to interact with the individuals. This will help to get the feedback which can be taken as a insinuateion. Through Facebook and twitter IPL is updating the match reviews and live scores so that it can be beneficial those who doesnt concord access to the television. In 2010 IPL has made a successful venture to keep live streaming in social networking site You Tube (www.youtube.com/t20) stainPEOPLEAs far IPL is concerned the market comprises spectators and the television audience. The IPL can be said as a step for globalisation of cricket from India. It can appeal to market as diverse as Europe, Japan, Malaysia US. round 20million Asian and Caribbean fan base migrants are in North America. mainland China is one of the other potential market of interest which made a recent interest to participate in the 2019 cricket world cup by the Chinese authorities.IPL is expanding the cricket viewership. The principle form of change in the success of IPL is geography and innovation. The Asian sub-continent which consists of top of ten cricket playing nations is India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bangladesh. Therefore it provides largest audience for cricket. The Indian market alone is the worlds pay-television market, with almost 70million households subscribing to sports channels. In 2010 the third season has been attracted to 200million viewers in India alone. That compares with a global audience of 450million of the last FIFA world cup.When people enjoy their work it is clear from their body language and the tone of their voice. They give of positive messages about their employer and will go the extra mile for their clients too. The company brand enjoys a very real boost as a result. Ross Urquhart, MD of RPM (Jobber 2010 846). During the off season the interest in IPL format is being sustained by creation of trade window, during which players can be traded between franchises. Research by the IPL suggest that 70% of those attending a match having never been to one before. From this 70% around 90% of this people went to more matches.PHYSICAL EVIDENCEIt is an environment in which the service is delivered in IPL, venues are the environment in which games performs. A very well organised opening and closing ceremonies will be conducted where it will be performed by world class performers and a dramatic laser show will be a centre of attraction. whole the franchises have the cheer leaders to support their team throughout the match progresses. In an attempt to emulate the American Sports teams one of the franchises even import cheerleaders from Washington Redskins.PROCESSIt is a procedure, mechanisms and flow of mechanisms by which a service is acquired (Jobber 2010 846). A good marketing means it has to happen in all the levels from marketing department to where its service is provided. IPL is providing a good spectacular detail for all the spectators even in television as well as live. They have scheduled the matches in prime time so that it is good time for the targeted customers. The major key for the long term success of IPL is that reproduction of the solid fan base. They can provide a cost realized entertainment demanded by the fans. Team composition should be reflecting the demand of fans. They can add celebrity players, local players, foreign players, hard hitters, all-rounders as well. The spectators will analyse the team on basis of these factors and the price it is willing to pay. as yet they can make use of this social networking websites to get more supporters for their own teams in the matches.

Haemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

Haemolytic unheal slightess of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)List and briefly describe three clinical bulls eyes for Haemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is a r atomic number 18 disease that clears when agnate alloantibodies cross the placenta during motherhood and ca persona the destruction of fetal red blood cells (RBCs) (Delaney and Matthews, 2015 Haas et al., 2015). HDFN give the gate get out in fetal anaemia with progression to stark(a) morbidities, such as ascites, hydrops fetalis, heart failure, kernicterus, and death (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). The clinical presentation of HDFN is variable, in which at that place be some(prenominal) manifestations that may occur (Murray and Roberts, 2007). Three of the most prevailing clinical signs that al littles for neonatal paediatricians to suspect HDFN includes splenomegaly, oedema, and jaundice.HDFN is char recreateerised by the accele strided destruction of RBCs, which results in differing rates of haemolysis and fetal anaemia (Urbaniak and Greiss, 2000). The continuous and rapid do of haemolysis defecates extramedullary haematopoiesis, a result of erythropoiesis failing in the bone marrow, in the fetal liver and spleen (Dean, 2005). Organs, such as the liver and spleen, that are involved in the synthesis of RBCs increase the production to combat the rate of destruction and counteract the overall loss (Dean, 2005). The increased workload of the spleen results in its enlargement, termed splenomegaly (Bowman, 1997 Dunn, 1963). Oedema is an important clinical sign of HDFN that is to a fault associated with the microscope floor of haemolysis and anaemia (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). Oedema can occur collect to low takes of serum albumin by dint of a decrease in osmotic pressure (Dean, 2005). Moreover, as the body compensates for fetal anaemia, the fetus can set up a hyperdynamic circulation (Haas et al., 2015). This can result in hydrops fetalis, a severe and life-threatening condition in which in that respect is widespread oedema in the fetal and shinny and serous cavities (Haas et al., 2015).A nevertheless clinical sign of HDFN is jaundice. Jaunice may occur as a result of haemolysis, in which there is an increase in the direct of hematoidin within the body (Urbaniak and Greiss, 2000). passim gestation, bilirubin is removed via the maternal circulation by the placenta (Dean, 2005). at that placefore, a high level of haemolysis may be present with a low level of bilirubin (Murray and Roberts, 2007). However, aft(prenominal) stick out the haemolytic process continues. At this stage of development, the liver of the neonate is immature and uneffective to conjugate the excess bilirubin (Urbaniak and Greiss, 2000). The unconjugated bilirubin begins to build and accumulate in the blood of the neonate, causing the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow (Dean, 2005). Within 24 to 48 hours afterwards delivery, the level of bilirubin may increase substantially (Urbaniak and Greiss, 2000). Left untreated, this can lead to the development of kernicterus, a condition in which bilirubin deposits plant in the basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei (Haas et al., 2015).Describe the progression of HDFN, from sensitisation to fetal red cell destruction, in a D invalidating mother carrying a D confident(p) fetus that has non legitimate RhIg.Throughout motherliness, antibodies from the maternal circulation play a vital role in providing protection for neonates crossing the placenta from the maternal to the fetal circulation (Dean, 2005). This is essential for the fetus, as by delivery newborns have a relatively immature immune musical arrangement (Murray and Roberts, 2007). Although the straw man of maternal antibodies provides protection, the active transporting of antibodies across the placenta can result in HDFN (Dean, 2005).HDFN is triggered by a sensitisation event. This most oft en occurs during the first pregnancy however, it can also arise from a blood transfusion or organ transplant (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). During the course of pregnancy, the maternal and fetal circulations gradually salmagundi with each(prenominal) trimester (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). This results in maternal alloimmunisation, as the maternal circulation has been exposed to impertinent RBCs (Haas et al., 2015). Despite the relatively small amount of fetal blood that passes into the maternal circulation, only a small amount is needed for sensitisation to occur (Dean, 2005).This is typical for an RhD ostracize mother carrying an RhD supreme fetus. Sensitisation frequently transpires during the birth of the firstborn RhD positivistic child, where fetal maternal haemorrhage (FMH) is common (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). However, the danger of sensitisation increases in complicated and extensive comminutes (Dean, 2005). Sensitisation can also occur through earlierevents in pre gnancy, such as a prenatal lead, trauma, termination of pregnancy, chronic villus sampling, and miscarriage (Sebring and Polesky, 1990). The grea scrutiny risk of growth FMH is during the process of labour (Murray and Roberts, 2007). Subsequently, alloantibodies are most likely to form after delivery (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). After sensitisation of an RhD nix mother carrying an RhD positive fetus, the mothers serum will contain anti-D (Dean, 2005). Importantly, the maternal anti-D that is formed is of the IgM class and unable to effectively cross the placenta (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). As a result, HDFN is rare in first-born children and tall(a) to have any clinical consequence or significance (Dean, 2005). However, at once the maternal circulation has been exposed to the fetal circulation the maternal immune constitution has the latent to respond to foreign red cell antigens (Delaney and Matthews, 2015).Through extensive seek and cohort studies, it has been establish ed that HDFN is most likely to effect subsequent pregnancies (Dean, 2005). matriarchal alloantibodies of the immunoglobulin G1 and IgG class cause significant haemolysis, thus the most clinically significant forms of HDFN (Roberts, 2008). In the event that an RhD negative mother becomes fraught(p) for a second time, interaction with the RhD antigen stimulates the production of IgG type anti-D, which can be transported across the placenta into the fetal circulation (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). Once anti-D has entered the fetal circulation, it binds to the RhD antigens found on fetal RBCs and labels them to be destroyed (Delaney and Matthews, 2015). From here, the pathophysiology of the disease ensues, as illustrated in figure 4. apologize the action of RhIg in a D negative mother that has a D positive fetal leech.Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is routinely apply in clinical practice to prevent HDFN. RhIg is prepared from human plasma that has been immunised to the D antigen and functi ons by targeting RBCs that are positive for the D antigen (Brinc and Lazarus, 2009). The use of prophylactic anti-D remains the gold standard approach of antibody- arbitrate immunosuppression, having been utilize for several decades (Giancarlo et al., 2010). However, the mechanism of action of RhIg is not fully understood and there are three key hypotheses that have been proposed to explain its method of action.Antigen Clearance dead reckoningThe first hypothesis is the antigen dynamic headroom hypothesis and is considered the main mechanism of action. Here, IgG is understood to prevent an antibody response by increasing the rate of phagocytosis and the remotion of RBCs from circulation via the mononuclear phagocytic system, prior to recognition by the immune system (Brinc and Lazarus, 2009). IgG opsonised RBCs are believed to engage in the activation of IgG receptors (FcRs) on effector cells, stimulating phagocytosis. IgG is also suspected to increase the clearance of RBCs throu gh the stimulation of complement activation on the RBC surface. Anti-D does not activate complement and because it is believed that FcR-mediated phagocytosis is the mechanism by which anti-D is cleared (Brinc and Lazarus, 2009).FcRIIB mediated B-cell inhibition hypothesisThis mechanism is the most recently proposed and came about through the discovery of increased levels of transforming growth factor- and prostaglandin E2 in a number of pregnant women who were given RhIG. This mechanism proposes that RBCs and IgG form a complex in which a negative signal is delivered to inactivate antigen-specific B cells. However, mice models deficient in FcRIIBhave shown that the involvement of FcRIIB is not needed to induce antibody-mediated immune suppression. Furthermore, FcR-like molecules have been bump in both mice and humans. It is believed that the FCRLs mediate the B-cell inhibition, however, this has yet to be demonstrated (Brinc and Lazarus, 2009).Steric check HypothesisThe Steric h indrance hypothesis proposes IgG binds the antigen, preventing the B-cell receptor from recognising the corresponding epitopes. most anti-D epitopes are not blocked by RhIg. This allows free D epitopes to be honored after administration of RhIg. Monoclonal anti-D has been shown to prevent antibody responses by cover 10-15% of epitopes. This pathway has not been studied in detail and therefore association of the immunobiology is limited. However, it is believed that IgG binding of D epitopes allows a formation surrounded by RBCs and B cells, in which this prevents B-cell activation (Brinc and Lazarus, 2009).The established methodology in the UK for the Quantification of a D positive fetal bleed is via go cytometry with FITC-anti-D (FITC-BRAD3). Name and describe 3 alternative methods used oecumenic to detect fetal bleedsIn rise to power to the use of flow cytometry, several alternative screening methods are uncommitted to determine and quantify FMH (Kim and Makar, 2011). Three screening methods that are used worldwide include the rose window screen, Kleihauer-Betke acid elution attempt, and flow cytometry using anti-fetal hemoglobin antibodies.The rosette attempt is a screening method that is used to qualitatively detect fetal bleeds equal to or great than 10 mL and 0.2% of fetal cells present in the maternal circulation (Kim and Makar, 2011). The rosette test works by indirectly identifying the presence of D positive fetal RBCs in D negative mothers (Solomonia et al., 2012). To perform this test, a maternal blood sample is hive away, incubated with exogenous anti-D, and washed. D positive RBCs are added and are key as they act as an indicator. The sample is examined using a light microscope. In the presence of fetal D positive cells, the indicator RBCs form aggregates or rosettes some the coated fetal RBCs (Solomonia et al., 2012).A positive result is indicative of an FMH greater than 10 mL and requires quantification by Kleihauer-Betke acid elut ion test or flow cytometry to determine the dose of RhIg to administer (Kim and Makar, 2011). This test can encounter and resurrect fake-positive results. This largely occurs if the mother of fetus is weak D. Furthermore, in the presence of a direct antiglobulin test (DAT), the rosette test may produce a false-negative result. This can be attributed to crosslinking and agglutination of the mothers antibody coated cells (Kim and Makar, 2011).The Kleihauer-Betke acid elution test is a screening method that differentiates between fetal haemoglobin (HbF) RBCs and adult Hb (Bromilow and Duguid, 1997). The underlying notion of this test is fetal RBCs largely contain HbF and are resistant to acid elution, whereas in contrast, adult Hb is acid-sensitive (Kim and Makar, 2011). To perform this test, a maternal blood sample is taken to prepare a thin peripheral smear. The peripheral smear is dried, immersed in fixative, exposed to and incubated with an acid buffer, and varnished with eosin. Under a microscope, the test reveals fetal cells to be stained a dark pink-red colour, whilst adult red cells appear pale or as uncoloured ghost outlines (Kim and Makar, 2011). Under a microscope, the fetal cells are counted and report as a percentage of adult cells (Kim and Makar, 2011).Flow cytometry using anti-fetal haemoglobin antibodies is a variant of flow cytometry that detects RhD positive fetal cells (Kim and Makar, 2011). In this method, monoclonal antibody antibodies are directed against HbF (Davis, 2007). A maternal blood sample is collected and an RBC count is performed (Davis, 2007). Cells are then fixed and permeabilised with detergent to modify antibodies to enter the cellular membrane and bind HbF (Davis, 2007). A flow cytometer is used to analysed the antibody stained cells (Davis, 2007). This method uses positive and negative controls simultaneously to differentiation between fluorescence from fetal RBCs and non-specific background staining (Kim and Makar, 2011) . The positive control is also extremely important in setting out the parameters for gating a sample (Kim and Makar, 2011). little potato testKleihauer-Betke acid elution testFlow cytometry using anti-fetal haemoglobin antibodiesAdvantages commercialized kits Widley availableSimple to useFast InexpensiveAdvantagesNot helpless on presence of RhD antigenRequires only basic laboratory equipmentInexpensive butt be used to assess fetal welfare in RhD positive patientsAdvantagesQuantitativeAutomated good precisions, sensitivity, accuracy, and duplicabilityCost-effectiveLess labour intenseDisadvantagesOnly applicable to RhD negative mothers carrying RhD positive fetusqualitative only not quantitativeDisadvantagesLaborious to performAccuracy and precision limited due to variation in test characteristicsPoor reproducibilitySubjectiveDisadvantagesIf mother and fetus have the same RhD type or mother is RhD positive cannot be used to determine FMHFalse positives due to heritable persisten ce of fetal Hb, increased levels of Hb in pregnancy and certain disease statesa) A 2mL bleed is detected via acid elution test in a sample taken from a D negative mother. Quantification via anti-D flow cytometry results in a zero bleed. Explain 2 doable reasons for the opposing results.The differing results of the acid elution test and anti-D flow cytometry may be explained by the RhD status of the mother and fetus. If the mother is not RhD negative and is carrying an RhD positive fetus, this test would not reproduce the results of the acid elution test. Additionally, if the fetus has an RhD negative status, this would also cause the test to fail and detect a zero bleed. Furthermore, flow cytometry cannot accurately detect weak and partial D variants, resulting in a false negative result. Therefore, if the mother or fetus has either of these D variants, FMH would not be detected via flow cytometry. An alternative reason for the differing results between the two tests could be attr ibuted to haemoglobinopathies, in which the flow cytometer detects HbF. Lastly, there could be a slip ones mind in the tube, such that the antibody was not detected, causing an incorrect result.b) Suggest a suitable test alternative to those already conducted to investigate the sample further and explain your reasoning for the alternative test.The use of flow cytometry using anti-fetal haemoglobin antibodies would be a beneficial test to implement in regularize to clarify the results and detect if a bleed is present. This is important to ensure the admit and correct dose of RhIg is administered. Testing the sample using HbF flow cytometry would be useful as flow cytometry using anti-D failed to reproduce the results of the acid elution test.There is a possibility that the acid-elution test produced a false positive result. The acid-elution test is limited in that is has poor accuracy and is prone to variations. The false positive may arise as a result of adult hereditary persisten ce of HbF, which is known in 1 to 2% of the population. Furthermore, during pregnancy the level of HbF rises by 25%. Therefore, the use of HbF flow cytometry would be able to detect if this is what caused the result.The following bleeds were detected via anti-D flow cytometry in a D negative woman. Using the Mollison calculation work outThe bleed batch in mLThe total RhIg dose in each case to the nearest five hundred IUThe top up RhIg dose required in each case to the nearest viosterol IUThe Mollison calculation is used to calculate the volume of bleed. To do this, the background of the isotope matched control is subtracted from the number of events obtained in the D positive region, as recommended in the BCSH guidelines.The Mollison equation is as follows D (+) events D (-) events1800FMH = X -ml X 1.22 Total number of events 1The equation can be simplified to the followingFMH = % of D positive events x 18 x 1.220.81% x 18 x 1.22 = 17.79 mL18 ml bleed* = 18 x 125 = 2250 IU Ro unded to nearest d = 2 vitamin D IU2500 IU 500 IU = 2000 IU0.45 x 18 x 1.22 = 9.88 mL10 mL bleed = 10 x 125 = 1250 IU Rounded to nearest 500 = 1500 IU1500 IU 500 IU = 1000 IU0.091 x 18 x 1.22 = 1.99 mL2 mL bleed = 2 x 125 = 250 IU Rounded to nearest 500 = 500 IU500 IU 500 IU = 0 IUThis bleed is under 4 mL and therefore no top up is required as 500 IU is routinely administered for a bleed of up to 4 mL.1.09 x 18 x 1.22 = 23.94 mL24 mL bleed = 24 x 125 = 3000 IU Rounded to nearest 500 = 3500 IU3500 IU 500 IU = 3000 IU0.02 x 18 x 1.2 = 0.431 mL bleed = 1 x 125 = 125 IU Rounded to nearest 500 = 500 IU500 IU 500 IU = 0 IUThis bleed is under 4 mL and therefore no top up is required as 500 IU is routinely administered for a bleed of up to 4 mL.ReferencesBrinc, D. and Lazarus, A. (2009). Mechanisms of anti-D action in the legal community of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Hematology, online 2009(1), pp.185-191. accessible at http//asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.o rg/content/2009/1/185.long Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.de Haas, M., Thurik, F., Koelewijn, J. and van der Schoot, C. (2015). Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Vox Sanguinis, online 109(2), pp.99-113. functional at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899660 Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Dean, L. (2005). Blood groups and red cell antigens. 1st ed. Bethesda, Md. NCBI.Delaney, M. and Matthews, D. (2015). haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn managing the mother, fetus, and newborn. Hematology, online 2015(1), pp.146-151. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26637714 Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Giancarlo maria Liumbruno, Angelo DAlessandro, Federica Rea, Vanessa Piccinini, Liviana Catalano, Gabriele Calizzani, Simonetta Pupella, Giuliano Grazzini (2010). Blood Transfus. 2010 Jan 8(1) 8-16. doi 10.2450/2009.0108-09Kim, Y. and Makar, R. (2012). Detection of fetomaternal hemorrhage. American Journal of Hematology, online 87(4), pp.417-423. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pu bmed/22231030 Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Murray, N. and Roberts, I. (2007). Haemolytic disease of the newborn. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition, online 92(2), pp.F83-F88. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675453/ Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Roberts, I. (2008). The ever-changing face of haemolytic disease of the newborn. Early Human Development, online 84(8), pp.515-523. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621490 Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Urbaniak, S. and Greiss, M. (2000). RhD haemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn. Blood Reviews, online 14(1), pp.44-61. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10805260 Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.

Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing It Managers Computer Science Essay

intimately outstanding Cyber auspices department Vulnerability Facing It Managers calculator Science EssayVulnerabilities to exploitation in modern calculators argon varied. They spue from electronic network boniface vulnerabilities that allow aggressors to take over the web server to very forward-looking side channel exploits that enjoyment things like sheaf timing or instantaneous power consumption to glean hugger-mugger information from computers. Vulnerabilities appear in the node softwargon product that members of an ecesis drill to cast their jobs d peerless. The conclusion of this authorship is that un shucksed thickening side softwargon is the to the highest degree important cyber bail pic facing the IT community to daytime. Since all modern organizations (companies, non-profits or government entities) ingestion computers and networks as part of everyday operations, this vulnerability is relevant to all of them. For this reason, this paper does not foc us on a incident organization or industry.Vulnerability vs. ThreatCybersecurity vulnerability is defined as weakness in a computer hardw be or software product program system that mickle be exploited. This is different than a nemesis. A threat is the way in which vulnerability is exploited. An example of a cybersecurity threat is spyware or malware worldly concern introduced into a computer. Vulnerability is the weakness in the computers systems that allowed the threat to succeed. This paper focuses on the vulnerabilities, not the threats. Vulnerabilities can be very expensive. The 2009 Computer trade protection Institute / Federal Bureau of Investigations Computer Crime and Security accompany reports that average losses per respondent were $234,244, although that number was down from the previous year (Peters, 2009). Cybersecurity vulnerabilities can be present in any part of a computer systems software or hardware. According to the SANS institute, the number of vulnerabil ities discovered in software applications far outnumber those found in operate systems. (Top security risks-vulnerability exploitation trends). This is because operating systems tend to be more long lived and hence more tested than applications. Vulnerabilities can also be more sophisticated than the normal vulnerabilities we read about often. For example, bingle can contain what operands are being handleed by a computer by monitor it instantaneous power consumption. This, along with a knowledge of what algorithms are being processed can lead to the guessing of an encryption key (Brooks, 2010). at one time the encryption key is guessed, files and communications involving that host could be decrypted. Another queer vulnerability is the fact that keystrokes are sent across communications networks one at a time, so that if one captures the communications of an ssh session, the keystrokes can be guessed based on the time between them and the layout of a QWERTY keyboard (Brooks, 2 010).The Origin of Vulnerabilities intimately vulnerabilities occur because of programmer error. hotshot of the just about common errors that cause cybersecurity vulnerability is called buffer overflow. In buffer overflow, more data is provided as commentary than the program is expecting. This causes a corrupted stack and can allow an attacker to inject rouge edict. The use of modern programming languages and proper mark techniques can eliminate the possibility of buffer overflow, but at that place is big amount of software out there that has this vulnerability, Much work has at peace(p) into mitigating and go oning this sign of vulnerability to exist in software, or if it exists, to not be exploited. Vulnerabilities that appear in software may not be the conduce of programmer error. They may be inserted into software applications intentionally by double-dealing employees of software vendors. The fact that there is not much reporting of the discovery of such vulnerabilit ies does not mean they dont exist. Consider the factors that might retain a software vendor from publicizing the discovery of deliberate catty code in one of their products. There are liability issues and the companys reputation would hurt if such a thing became known (Franz, 2008).Human VulnerabiltiesVulnerabilities that allow malicious actions to take place on an organizations computer systems sometimes have goose egg to do with hardware or software. An organizations personnel can be a considerable cybersecurity vulnerability as well. Since it is the organizations personnel who implement any cybersecurity measures that are dictated from the CIO staff, it is they that are the key to the cybersecurity plans potence. If people are practicing dangerous activities on the organizations computers, then all the planning in the world wont prevent bad things from happening. There are factors that brook to the cybersecurity vulnerabilities that personnel contribute to. nonpareil stud y divided these factors into nine areas, external influences, human error, management, organization, performance and preference management, policy issues, technology, and training (Kreamer, Carayon, Clem, 2009). The authors make the point that not all vulnerabilities are ca utilize by bad programming. Personnel issues are a big factor, also. Take, for example, the Stuxnet writhe that infected the Iranian nuclear facilities and has reportedly caused lots of damage and has hold up the Iranian nuclear development. The cyberdefenses that the Iranian IT security staff put in place were circumvented by the actions of at least one employee. The worm was introduced via an infected flash drive (Paulson, 2010). All the perimeter defense in the world wont work if an insider does something wrong either intentionally or unintentionally.Impacts of Vulnerabilities on OrganizationsSome of the cybersecurity vulnerabilities faced by an organization largely depend on what type of business that org anization is diligent in. For example, if an organization has a large presence in online commerce (Amazon, New Egg) it has more vulnerability to web based attacks than an organization that doesnt use the internet for commerce. An organization that possesses unique hardware, for antecedent an electric utility or a hospital, has vulnerabilities that most organizations dont face.Regardless of the type of business an organization engages in and the associated vulnerabilities that are unique to that type of business, a modern organizations day-to-day operations are performed on computers. Computers and networks are at the core of every process that a company uses to do business. Most managerial and technical employees of any organization have access to and use a computer for performing his or her work. There are inside web sites and email systems that allow communications between employees. Employees use these computers to do research and purchase products from web sites. This require s that these computers be connected to the internet.The Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Un sliceed Client SoftwareBecause internet connected computers are present in an organizational setting, these computers must be kept up to date stamp with relevant security tackes to prevent attacks against known vulnerabilities. For a large organization, this can be a daunting task. The fact that a patch exists for a vulnerability means that the vulnerability has been found and probably publicized. This means that the constitutional hacker community has access to the exploit and there is a secure chance more attacks exploiting this vulnerability will be engulfed. This makes it imperative that the patch be put in place quickly. Failure to do this leaves an organization open to This is why the SANS institute ranked as the number one vulnerability facing organizations today (as of 2009) unpatched lymph gland side software (Top security risks executive summary, 2009). The number two ranked vulnerability was internet facing web sites. SANS also stated that on average, major organizations are taking at least twice as long to patch client side vulnerabilities than they are to patch operating systems (Top security risks executive summary, 2009). Because the unpatched client software vulnerability is not industry or business var. dependent it is applicable to any company, non-profit organization or government entity. For this reason, the tidings of unpatched client side software does not focus on a particular class of organizations.Unpatched client side software can be exploited in galore(postnominal) different ways. One of the more habitual methods is by use of directed email attacks called spear phishing. In a spear phishing attack, a computer user is sent an email intend to entice the user into opening an attachment or clicking on a link that results in malware being installed on the users computer. When the user opens the attachment or clicks on the li nk, vulnerabilities in the client software on his or her computer are exploited to gain access to the users machine or the finished corporate network. The exploited vulnerabilities may be in any client software such as browsers, document readers, or image viewers. These types of attacks are a common method of gaining footholds into corporate networks (ICS-CERT, 2011) and were the method used to launch some well publicized attacks, like the Aurora attack against Google, adobe and other tech companies (Zetter 2010). While the Aurora attack was not enabled by unpatched client software (it used previously unknown, or zero day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Internet Explorer to enable the exploit), it is relevant to this discussion because the methods used in this attack have been make knowned, making it easy for other attackers to duplicate it. This makes it imperative that patches are applied in a timely demeanor to prevent it.There are two main problem areas that contribute to the large amount of unpatched client software that remains in use in an organization. The first is that the software vendors sometimes do not publish patches in a timely manner. The second is that once a patch is issued by a software vendor, the patch does not bewitch deployed to the organizations computers for non-homogeneous reasons. As an example of software vendors not fixing vulnerabilities quickly enough, a company called TippingPoint (now a part of Hewlett Packard) recently released the details of 22 unpatched security vulnerabilities. Some of these vulnerabilities had been reported to their developers over two and half years agone (Keizer, 2011). TippingPoints Zero Day Initiative buys exploits from independent researchers. They also sponsor contests that takings the best exploits. They then provide their customers protection from these exploits and notify the developer of the targeted software of the mankind of the vulnerability that allowed the exploit to work. When a patch is issued by a software vendor, it then has to be applied to an organizations infrastructure in order to be effective. The application of patches does not always happen quickly for several reasons. One reason is that the application of patches is disruptive to the organizations operation. The patches must be vetted by the security personnel and tested by the IT department. Testing patches prior to deployment is critical in avoiding incompatibility problems which would disrupt the organization even more. Another reason that patches dont get applied quickly is that they may not be compatible with in-house operating software. For instance, if Microsoft announces an upgraded browser that fixes many security holes, an organization may not be able to use it because internal software such as an write up or HR system that they use is not compatible with it.How to foil Unpatched Client Software VulnerabilitiesOrganizations can deal with the problem of unpatched client software by being pr oactive in subscribing to a service that informs them of the origination of new vulnerabilities and in creating and implementing a patch management process. A patch management process is a multifaceted one. The following elements must be embroild in the patch management process (Gerace and Cavusoglu)Senior executive Support. Without which this, no process can succeed.Dedicated Resources and Clearly Defined Responsibilities. If there is no staff assigned to the patch management process, it wont get done.Creating and Maintaining a Current Technology Inventory. This helps the patch management team determine which and how many systems need to be patched.Identification of Vulnerabilities and Patches. This allows the team to be alive(predicate) of what patches are applicable to the organizations machines.Pre-deployment testing of patches. This should be done in a controlled environment to prevent adverse side effects.Post-deployment scanning and monitoring. This gives an indication of the say-so of the patch.As with any other business process, the patch management process must be audited by the use of measurements and metrics. Key metrics include severity/priority incidents associated with mission-critical application outages for inaccurate patching (Colville, 2010). Measuring the effectiveness of the patch management process then leads to modifications to it that improve the effectiveness.ConclusionOf the many different cybersecurity vulnerabilities that face organizations in todays world, unpatched client side software is the most dangerous. This is because this type of vulnerability threatens all organizations, regardless of the type activities they are engaged in. If they utilize computers, then this vulnerability must be addressed to prevent cybersecurity exploitation.